January 5 Deadline Reminder COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

January 5 Deadline Reminder COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Cartoon by Doug Savage Just a friendly reminder that the MIA/MPA applications are due today, January 5, 2015  at 11:59 p.m. EST. Please submit your completed application by tonight if you want to be considered for SIPAs merit-based fellowships. (The final application deadlineswithout fellowships considerationis February 5, 2015.) If you have some questions regarding your application, please review last weeks blog post, where our admissions staff answered some of your most urgent questions. Unsure of when the deadline is in your part of the world? This chart may help: New York, New York   January 5, 2015 11:59 PM Los Angeles, California January 5, 2015 8:59 PM Mexico City, Mexico January 5, 2015 10:59 PM Rio de Janeiro, Brazil January 6, 2015 2:59 AM London, England January 6, 2015 4:59 AM Madrid, Spain January 6, 2015 5:59 AM Beijing, China January 6, 2015 12:59 PM Tokyo, Japan January 6, 2015 1:59 PM Good luck everyone!

The Personnel Earthquake Continuum Consequences Of...

The case study we chose was â€Å"The personnel earthquake continuum: Consequences of collective turnover - A case study of Qidian Founders Collective Turnover.† Qidian is an online literature company in China. They are credited for developing the business model that almost all online literature companies use in China. While most studies on turnover concentrate on â€Å"causes and processes† (Wang, Yuan, Chen, 2016) of collective turnover, this study focusses on the â€Å"consequences† (Wang et al., 2016) of collective turnover. Qidian Founders’ collective turnover is used for this study, where they show the consequences of collective turnover. In this study Qidian Founders’ collective turnover was monitored for 14 months. The goal of the study was to â€Å"analyze the consequences of collective turnover and present a theoretical framework of collective turnover in this study.† (Wang et al., 2016), meaning the research will not only provide consequences, but a set of procedures on what can be done to manage these the loss associated with collective turnover. The foundation for this study was based on Qindian Founders’ need to better understand the effect of turnover either negative or positive within their company. Key Issues The problems with collective turnover are addressed by Wang, Yuan and Chen in this study. These issues are outlined in what they refer to as â€Å"consequences of collective turnover† (Wang et al., 2016). Per this study, â€Å"The complicated effects of collective turnover areShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesdeveloping strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. almost 18%. Over 40 work teams meet regularly to discuss work goals, track their performance against established measures, and discuss problems and issues. Employee turnover is also extremely low in most areas. Transitions in HR management are also paying off in the Bank of Montreal, based in Montreal, Quebec. Emphasizing human resources has involved 35,000 employees in organizational success. This recognition meantRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Although not all retail customers are the same, as yet there are not clear classifications for groups of customers. Figure 2-1 illustrates how various customer types can be plotted along a continuum: at one end is the serious buyer and at the other is the serious shopper. T he serious buyer is a person who needs a vehicle within a short time frame. This type of buyer shops for price and value and will compromise on vehicle specifications. SomeRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagessomebody to do something you are engaging in marketing. Thus marketing has a broad societal meaning. In fact, the societal view is more truly descriptive of marketing today. Moreover, modern business marketing activities are to a large extent, a consequence of the societal view of marketing. The essence of marketing is a transaction, an exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants. Consequently, marketing occurs any time on societal limit strive to exchange something of value with another socialRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pageseditions of this textbook and have provided valuable feedback to us directly, or responded to review requests by our publisher, since the first edition in 1991. The list is too long to provide here, but we hope that all of you will accept our collective, anonymous Thank You! Special thanks also go to academic colleagues (mostly current and prior Indiana University faculty and students) who have coauthored content for specific chapters that can still be found in this edition: Susan A. Brown,

The Non Delegation Doctrine ( Administrative Law )

To start off, one must explain what a full Democracy entails. The Greek word meaning demo means citizen while kratos means ruled, therefore, the full meaning of democracy is ruled by the citizen(s). With that being said, a complete democracy would entail citizens directly voting on every piece of legislation. When citizens can partly vote of legislation and/or they vote in representatives to represent their interest, it is no longer a pure democracy but rather a democratic republic. A bureaucracy is not consistent with a democratic republic in one regard: the citizen did not vote to elect him/her into employment within the government. On the contrary, the citizens did have a right to vote the representatives that chose to delegate tasks to an agency, which brings me to my next point: the Non-Delegation Doctrine (Administrative Law book). The Non-Delegation Doctrine is a strict ideological belief system that entails that elected officials cannot delegate powers to non-elected official s, thereby making the creation any sort of bureaucratic agency not possible. In a 1928 Supreme Court case named â€Å"J. W. Hampton, Jr. Co. v. United States† (Administrative Law book)†. The Supreme Court decided that elected officials cannot delegate power to an unelected source unless they provide an intelligible principle to regulate by. Even with the Supreme Court upholding the characteristics of the decision of the 1928 Supreme Court case, in an absolute, pure Democracy, a bureaucratic agencyShow MoreRelatedAn Article II Decision Making Power Non Delegation Guideline1083 Words   |  5 PagesDelegation†¦. Having the knowledge to know how to delegate efficiently is the key to advantaging yourself and increasing your importance to any company. 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The concept of administrative argument and administrative philosophy encompasses same concepts of doctrines and organizational design that are Siamese twins. Administrative arguments are nested systems of ideas concerted with organizational design that can be fragmented with a set of sub argument. Each administrative argument is generally conce rtedRead MoreAn Examination of the Boundaries of, and the Theoretical Justification for Judicial Review in Tanzania.3645 Words   |  15 PagesTUMAINI UNIVERSITY IRINGA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FACULTY OF LAW RESEARCH PROPOSAL RESEARCHERS: ⠝‘ JESCA KABISSA ⠝‘ PETER R. THADEO SUPERVISOR: ⠝‘ MISS. RUHUNDWA TOPIC: AN EXAMINATION OF THE BOUNDARIES OF, AND THE THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW IN TANZANIA. CONTENT PAGE 1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------Read MoreAdministrative Law is the by-product of constitutional law5683 Words   |  23 PagesINTRODUCTION Administrative law is the most growing phenomenon in the field of state welfare for today . It has become very necessary in the developed society as the relationship between the administrative authority and the people have become very complex . In order to regulate these relations, there is a need of law which will provide a certainty and a check to the misuse of power by the administrative authority . The requirement of such law is fulfilled by the administrative law. So basicallyRead MorePrinciples of Taxation in Nigeria14253 Words   |  58 Pagestax, i.e. the process or means by which the sovereign, through its law-making body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of government. It is a method of apportioning the cost of government among those who, in some measure, are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must therefore bear its burdens.    Taxes    ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taxes are the enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the law-making body of the State by virtue of its sovereignty for the supportRead MoreDiscretionary Powers in Admin Law3459 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction. While discretionary powers are an integral and necessary part of Administrative Law they cannot be exercised in an indiscriminate way. The courts are regularly called upon to determine whether the persons or bodies entrusted with this discretion have used it in a fair and reasonable manner. This discussion, following an explanation of discretionary powers, will through case law, show the importance of controls in preventing an abuse of these powers. 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Speech notes Free Essays

Some speeches may, in fact, last those agonizing 52 minutes; however, some speeches last only moments. Remember when the dean of your college got up to Introduce the speaker? That was a speech, too. I’m sure that one was much more brief. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are three mall types of speeches that you likely see on a regular basis. Let’s take a look at each of those speeches now. Informative Speeches Imagine sitting in the audience of a large lecture hall listening to your professor talk about the theory of relativity. It may sound like confusing words to many, but what he is really doing is giving an informational speech. This kind of speech is delivered mostly to convey information to the audience about something they don’t already now. There are a few types of informational speeches: Speeches about objects Speeches about events Speeches about processes Speeches about concepts When a public speaker talks about things that can inspire your senses, like touch, smell or feel, it is a speech about objects and involves talking about things in the sensory and physical world. Maybe he is talking about the way a spider looks or the way freshly snipped herbs smell. It may even be a speech about your favorite president. Either way, the speech is written to appeal to the senses. Some speeches are written to inform people of a current or past happening. This Is a speech about an event, and it is meant to bring people up to speed on things that have, are or will be going on in the world. Upon taking the presidential oath, a newly elected president will give his Inaugural Address, where he tells the citizens of the united States his plans for his term. This speech Is done to get the nation excited about the prospect of a new president. A cooking demonstration Is a good example of a speech about processes because It instructs the audience on how to do something through a process. So, the next time you happen to pass a gourmet store and see a chef showing onlookers how to make manmade pasta, know you are listening to a speech designed to show you how to do something step by step. To talk. Some are speeches about concepts, written about theoretical ideas and notions, like world peace, freedom or love. Unlike the other types of informative speeches, this type of speech is intangible. As with any of the informative speeches, they should be written as topical (or by topic), chronological (or by date) or spatial (or how things physically fit together). A writer may use a topical organization if writing about types of wines. The writer may start with a wine type, then go into region and then grape varieties. Chronological organization would most likely be used when writing about an event, such as events that led up to the Civil Rights Act. When writing about things to do in Miami Beach, a writer may break down the area to a few important sightseeing locales and then list important places of interest for each. Not all speeches are informative. For instance, persuasive speech writing is a little different. Persuasive Speech So, you get roped into attending a How To Get Rich in Real Estate seminar. After a few minutes, you realize that the lecture is less about real estate and more about buying he speaker’s set of CDC and books on tape. Likely, this was a persuasive speech, and it is designed to change a group’s thinking or behavior. This type of speech is often used in sales and advertising to get people to buy things. A persuasive speech could be an emotional appeal, where the speaker attempts to elicit sensitivity from the group, or it could be a logical appeal, where the speaker wants the audience to rely on their own reasoning to make a decision. A speech about hunger in America may pull at your heartstrings and make you quickly dial a number to send money. That is a purely emotional decision based on the persuasive talk of the speaker. Choosing a good acne cream based on product facts and before and after visuals might muster up some attention because the audience is asked to use logic to decide whether the product works. If the visuals show a clearer face after use, soundness may say the product is good. Of course, some speeches are not meant to change anything. They are mostly Just for fun, and that is when special occasion speeches are used. Special Occasion Speech So, you’re the best man at your friend’s wedding. That means you have to arrange the bachelor party, buy a tuxedo and worst of all -give a speech. With a lump in your throat and a shaky hand, you begin talking. What you are doing is giving a special occasion speech, and it is generally done to toast a celebration or commemorate some special event. This type of speech usually does not require major research, and there is no formal style of execution. It is done as a means of rejoicing at a fun event. The only rule to a festive get together, keep it brief, and the audience will most likely refrain from throwing things at you. How to cite Speech notes, Papers

Philosophy of Human Conduct

Philosophy is a developing science, full of difficult questions concerning the nature of a human being. One of such problems is the philosophy of human conduct. Exactly this aspect of human conduct inspired this paper. Understanding of this problem seems to be impossible without psychological explanation of human behavior. Also, the philosophy of human conduct deals with ethics and moral principles.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Philosophy of Human Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of the paper is to reveal the nature of human conduct from the philosophical point of view. Thus, to achieve the aim, this paper is interested in both psychological and philosophical aspects of human behavior. Proceeding to the next part of the paper, one thing should be explained. In terms of this problem, the word â€Å"behavior† means psychological aspect, and the word â€Å"conduct† means philoso phical aspect; in the general context, they are synonyms. Human behavior is always in the scope of psychology. Human beings are biological creatures with their own individual psyche, nervous system, temper and behavior. According to Descartes, the human organism is a complex machine; its elements are interdependent and tightly connected (Gleitman 15). That is why, the organization of a human being is associated with a mechanism; its details fulfill their own function, and failure of one of the details leads to general failure if corresponding measures are not assumed. Nowadays, psychologists â€Å"agree with Descartes that much of behavior can be understood as reactions to outside events: The environment poses a question and the organism answers it† (Gleitman 17). The chain of stimuli leads to action sequence: reception, transmission-integration, and reaction. The nature of human behavior is based on nerve cell and nerve impulse. As all people are different, they have differe nt nervous system that create different behavior. According to general psychology, motives direct people’s behavior (Gleitman 55). Owing to the nervous system, there are positive and negative psychological experiences. Such emotional states as fear (motivated or unmotivated), rage, anxiety, distress, apathy, hostility, etc. are realized by means of negative impulses. Positive impulses, in contrast, are reflected in enthusiasm, interest, joy, satisfaction, love and others. Proceeding from the information stated above, there appear some logic questions. What conditions person’s behavior? Why do people have so complex nature of the conduct? Complexity of human conduct can be explained by such things like character and temperament. They dictate peculiarities in human behavior and condition person’s behavior. That is why, the nature of human conduct is a difficult aspect of a human being. Moreover, it is not fully investigated by psychology.Advertising Looking f or term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Temperament is the natural basis for character. Owing to different temperament, people’s character is colored differently. Temperament is the basis of each personality. Temperament is individual feature of a human being that defines dynamic of flowing of his psychical processes and behavior. However, temperament does not characterize the person’s beliefs, views and interests, and does not indicate his value. Nevertheless, human conduct depends on the types of temperament. According to them, a person may have classical features that are peculiar to four types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic. In terms of peculiarities of human conduct, there are differences between personality and individual. Personality is a person who is different from others in his worldview, world perception. Individual is a person who possesses his own thoughts, own abili ties, common sense; he is able to act in his own way regardless from other people. However, in philosophical terms, these differences are not so important. Nevertheless, one of the researchers states that â€Å"Society desperately needs people who have the courage to be different, to commence new practices, and set the example of more enlightened conduct, and better taste and sense inhuman life. Too often individuals are lost in the crowd† (James 353). Many people would agree with the author’s statement. The history of all human civilization would be impossible without some prominent leaders. Often, only purposeful, assertive and fearless individuals achieve success. As temperament influences the development of features of character, the nature of different people is complex. For example, in relation to other individuals and people, one person can show good-fellowship, advertence, kind-heartedness, respect; another person can show asociality, ungratefulness, rudeness, and disdain. In terms of work, there are also different examples. A hard-working and responsible person who is lack of money, treats his job well, because it gives him satisfaction. A lazy and spoiled son of a rich father demonstrates other results in his job. A person with healthy psyche is self-critic, and possesses adequate self-esteem. In contrast, for example, many famous people show negative features: impudence, arrogance, egoism. However, features of character do not depend on social status, race, or sex. In this context, the role of education and self-making grows.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Philosophy of Human Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It seems to be difficult to define what exactly guides the human conduct. There are many answers. Psychologists may think that it depends on temperament and character, or peculiarities of the nervous system and psyche. For example, Metchnikoff (20 03) believes that â€Å"the social instinct has been acquired by mankind too recently, and it is still to feeble to be a trustworthy guide in all conduct† (Metchnikoff 110). Yes, the social instinct is a power natural instinct in the basis of human nature, but as a human being is a thinking conscious creature with rich inner world, there appear moral principles and ethics. A human being is a complex-organized and social creature. His behavior depends on both biological factors (physiological needs, instincts) and non-biological ones – the culture of society (traditions, cultural values), state laws, personal moral values (ethics) and religious beliefs. Besides psychological explanation, there is a philosophical view on human conduct, as well. Of course, philosophy explains human conduct in non-biological aspects. Owing to different historical, social and cultural contexts, there were different explanations of philosophy of human conduct in various periods. In the ancie nt period, this problem was researched by Plato and Aristotle. Later, this question was raised by religious people of Middle Ages, â€Å"when ecclesiastical authority reigned supreme and the human reason† (Copleston 2). Since Descartes gave to a human being freedom, this idea was caught by modern philosophy. It is essential to notice that â€Å"in the ancient period and he modern period philosophy may be considered a free man, whereas in the medieval period it was a slave† (Copleston 2). According to medieval point of view, only God guided a human conduct through his entire destiny. Nowadays, a human conduct has a biological and philosophical explanation. It is necessary to say that some researchers divide human conduct into bad and good. In the book about human nature and conduct, one may read: â€Å"Neutrality is non-existent. Conduct is always shared; this is the difference between it and a psychological process. If it is not an ethical â€Å"ought† that con duct should be social. It is social, whether bad or good† (Dewey 17).Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, a human being is an ambiguous creature; sometimes, it is impossible to say for sure if the act has a good or bad coloring. Life is a many-sided phenomenon, full of challenges and secret. However, whether a person is religious or not, he should obey the laws of society. Each man possesses his own moral principles and ethics. Why are they so essential for a human being? Do people need them only within society to which they belong? Ethical code is highly necessary for a human being who wants to understand what is good and what is bad. Misunderstanding of ethical norms may lead to social conflicts, interpersonal problems and even deaths. The sphere and problem of ethics was interesting for many researches. For example, one of them writes in his book: â€Å"If one consults the wisdom of the ages it will be found nearly unanimous in the opinion that, of all inquiries the most important are those which concern the right and wrong forms of human conduct† (Trumbull 1). A ccording to this statement, â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† things are in the scope of ethics. It examines human conduct in relation to the ideal standard. What are the ideal ethical norms? The basic problems of ethics as science are the problems of the criteria of good and evil, sense of life, justice, moral duties. Proceeding from this, there are the following ethical norms: values of life, consciousness, activity, suffer, power, free will, foresight, purpose, etc. However, ethical norms are nothing without virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, self-control, beneficence, honesty and sincerity, faith and devotion, kindness and compassion, credit, worth relationships with others. One of the most valuable ethical virtues is the ability to love, and to make someone else happy. If a person follows all the ethical norms, he will achieve the ideal standard. Nevertheless, people are not ideal in their nature. Everyone has his own peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages. One t hing is evident: a human being should go after the light (Waller 119). The essence of personal ethics is in the individual himself: a human being should be humane. Unfortunately, throughout the whole history of human civilization, there happened unethical deeds: wars, murders, violence, victimization, betrayals and others. Nowadays, the ethical problems are one of the burning and topical ones. Rethinking of ethical norms in one’s own way, the influence of mass media, and pop culture lead to misunderstanding the true ethics. To avoid this, society has elaborated reliable institutions to cultivate and practice ethical norms: educational institutions, social institutions (family, favorable environment), literature, etc. Very often, different cultures, religions and other context dictate the ethical norms. For most countries, universal human values are ingrained in state laws: prohibition to murder, steal and commit other crimes, liberal principles of freedom of speech and human rights. In Christianity, for example, there follow Ten Commandments. However, in all societies, people used to follow the Golden Rule: a person should treat the other person in the same way he would want to be treated. In the context of general ethical norms of all people, there is another problem: moral principles. What is morality? What is the essence of it? Why does human society need it so much? Understanding of human morality is the key to the philosophy of human conduct. Without morality, a human being would hardly different from other mammals. Oakeshott (1991), for example, believes that â€Å"a morality is the ars atrium of conduct; the practice of all practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Oakeshott 60). That is why, it is so essential. Speaking about moral acts, the words of one of the researcher can be cited: â€Å"Morality begins with the first act of dominion of the will which occurs in any action. The will is the royal and imperial power in men†¦In moral action the reason a nd the will are wedded. A moral act is the offspring of their union, for either good or evil† (Humphrey 4). In other words, moral acts are directed to either good or bad. In this context, morality deals with its rule of rightness. Human beings should be responsible for their acts and conduct. It is necessary to remember that following all ethical and moral principles, people deed good acts. Humphrey (2009) concludes that â€Å"all morality is in the deliberate will. All sin is rooted in, and spring from, the will† (Humphrey 52). Sins are wrong acts that may cause social tragedies and problems. Proceeding from this, all people should have â€Å"moral obligations† (Hume Sayre-McCord 131). Exactly â€Å"laws of justice† â€Å"gives rise to the moral obligation of duty† (Hume Sayre-McCord 147). Consequently, morality is the regulator of human conduct in society. What if a person is an outcast of society, and lives outside the society? Robinson Crusoe serves a suitable example of such man. The plot of the novel about him, and evolution of the character proves the necessity to follow all ethical and moral principles, regardless from circumstances and conditions. A human being should always remain a human being. Whether it is a city or a desolate island, a man’s life should be full of good acts; he should distinguish good from evil, and struggle with his bad side of human nature by means of self-making. Thus, morality embraces moral views and feelings, life orients and principles, purposes and motives of acts and relationships. Owing to them, a human being is able to differentiate good from evil, honesty from dishonesty, justice from injustice, normality from abnormality, mercy from cruelty. Also, morality is intended to decrease the social conflicts. Developing ethical and moral principles, one should not forget to improve oneself: intellectually and spiritually. The right organization of the human inner world is integratin g part of moral evolution. Each man should be guided by conscience that allows to practice good virtues and deeds through the entire life. Children used to inherit the moral portrait of their parents; teenagers are always guided by the social environment; adults should experience self-making. Keeping all this in mind, people must have right notion about ethic and moral principles and duties. Lacunas in this aspect may cause unhappiness, dramatic events, and social chaos. All information stated above allows to make certain conclusions. A human being is a complicated creature who possesses biological and non-biological peculiarities. Psychological aspect of human conduct deals with nervous system, instincts and reactions that explain the physiological nature of human behavior. In contrast to psychology, philosophy has always tried to explain a human conduct through the light of ethics and moral principles. Realizing the spiritual values, ethical norms and moral duties, a man reveals t he nature of philosophy of human conduct. Unfortunately, a man has a negative side of his nature hat reflects in sins, vices and evil acts. In this context, for a man, the experience of self-making seems to be useful. This experience will help him to avoid possible mistakes concerning the relationships and conduct in society. Parents are first people who display the moral and ethic picture to a child. In the process of physiological and psychological development, he faces the social environment: friends, teachers, colleagues, etc. The main task at hand for society, is to serve as a suitable example, and ideal moral model for a man. Of course, people are far from ideal, but each man should practice self-making, becoming a better person. Healthy morality lives only in healthy psyche. Philosophy of human conduct is one of the keys to understanding the nature of human conduct. Work Cited Copleston, Frederick C. A History of Philosophy. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Continuum International Publi shing Group, 2003. Print. Dewey, John. Human Nature and Conduct. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Print. Gleitman, Henry. Biological Basis of Behavior. Motivation. In W.W. Norton and Company Inc., Psychology (Gleitman, 1981). New York, NY: University of Pennsylvania, 1981. 15-95. James, Christian L. Philosophy: An Introduction to the Art of Wondering. 10th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Hume, David, and Geoffrey Sayre-McCord. Moral Philosophy. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 2006. Print. Humphrey, William. Conscience and Law, or, Principles of Human Conduct. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Print. Metchnikoff, Elie. Nature of Man or Studies in Optimistic Philosophy. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2003. Print. Oakeshott, Michael. On Human Conduct. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. Trumbull, Ladd G. Philosophy of Conduct: a Treatise of the Facts, Principles, and Ideals of Ethics. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Pr int. Waller, Bruce N. Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Pearson/Longman, 2008. 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The United States Armed Forces and Women in Combat essays

The United States Armed Forces and Women in Combat essays Could there possibly be such a thing as a female "infantryman"? There are not many oxymorons' being murmured about in the military that get such ferocious responses from many within the combat arms ranks. In the civilian world, women are able to choose and pursue their own paths of career, no matter the difficulties. In today's work environment women continue to play vital roles that have a direct effect on our homeland security and our precious way of life. Women in professional careers can usually compete as equals with their male counterparts, having unlimited opportunities for advancement. Although this being correct for most of today's civilian women, it is not the case for the females currently serving in the United States Armed Forces. The integration of women into the Combat Arms branch of the Army would not only affect the level of morale and esprit de corps for the existing male troops, but women would be put into harms way unnecessarily which they are not prepared for, be it physically or mentally. It has been Public policy and Federal law that prevents women from serving in combat units on the front lines. For example, in the United States Army, approximately fifteen percent of the Active Duty service members are women. Women in the Army are only permitted to serve in units where their primary function is combat support or combat service support. The Army, by not allowing women to serve in combat, runs contrary to the current workforce trend in American society. In today's world, women in dangerous professions such as firefighting and law enforcement perform equally well compared to their male counterparts. Even though women have in the past performed admirably in those professions and some are even considered heroes in our communities the fact remains that the dangers women face on the "mean streets" of America are in no way comparable to the hazards they would have to face on today's modern battlefields. ...

Whats Considered a Bad SAT Score Avoid This

What's Considered a Bad SAT Score Avoid This SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students worry that a bad SAT score will be the kiss of death for their college applications. The SAT is an important part of the admissions process, so you obviously don’t want to submit a crummy score - but how do you know whether your score is all that bad to begin with? If you're worried about low scores, understanding where your scores stand in relation to other students’ is the first step to improvement. In this post, I’ll talk about comparing your own scores to those of the general population, your peer group, your target schools, and even your own potential scores. I'll finish off with strategies to bring up scores no matter your goals or study timeline. With this information, you'll be well-prepared to make necessary steps in improving your SAT scores. A Note on Percentiles Before we get started, I want to take a minute to explain percentiles, which arean important concept to grasp when we talk about comparing your SAT scores to different groups, whether they're big or small. Percentile scores are not the same as percentage scores (for example, a number out of 100 that tells you the fraction of correct answers you gave on a test). Percentile scorestell you how you do in relation to other people, which is really helpful when you’re dealing with a scoring system that isn’t necessarily intuitive. For example: A 10th percentile score means that you scored higher than 10% of the people who took the same exam 50th percentile means you scored higher than half 90th percentile means you scored higher than 90% of test-takers. You can have a high percentage score on a test and still end up with a low percentile score (if the test was easy), or a low percentage score and a higher percentile score (if the test was hard). For example, if you score a 90% on an exam where only 10% of students scored below a 90%, you'd be in the 10th percentile. This information is important because your actual SAT scores are only useful when you cantranslate them to percentile scores. When we talk about good or bad scores, we're inevitably comparing your test scores to those of other people or groups. Now that you know all about percentiles, we can get into the nitty-gritty stuff: what is a bad SAT score? Low Scores Compared to the US General Population We're starting big here - to get a basicunderstanding of low SAT scores, we'll look at how the general population performs on their tests. Your definition of low or poor scores might differ from other students - a reasonable cutoff for low scores, for simplicity’s sake, would be at the 25th percentile (so, the bottom quarter of scorers). As you may already know, the SAT is currently scored out of 1600points (the lowest you can score is 400).The average composite SAT score is around 1000, which is about the 50th percentile. Because the scoring system has recently changed, we don't have a lot of information about typical So that you can get a better understanding of general performance, here are some other important percentile cutoffs and their corresponding composite scores: 25th percentile→about 840 composite score 50th percentile→about 1000 composite score 75th percentile→about 1200 composite score If you'd like more detailed information about SAT percentiles, check out our score rankings guide. Low Scores Compared to Your Peers I don't usually recommend comparing yourself to peers;in this case, it's unfortunately necessary. Now that you know how you may compare to the rest of the country, the next step in figuring out what a low score is would be to figure out what your peers are scoring. Although college admissions officers often view SAT scores as a decent measure of academic preparation, they recognize that many other factors - including family income, social privileges, and educational advantages - play into students' scores as well. Thus, you'll be most likely compared to students who are similar to you in terms of school type, geographical area, background, interests, and grades. The better a handle you have on your peers' scores, the more nuanced your understanding of what a low score will be. Getting ahold of this information will be a bit more sensitive than just looking up average national SAT scores. Even if you can't get information right from your classmates, there are steps you can take to get a good estimate of peers' SAT score ranges: Get your school report with SAT score information. This report will have aggregated scores from students from your high school. How does the high school average compare to the national average? How do your scores (real or target) compare to those of your peers? See your guidance counselor. If you don't have access to your school report, or you're having trouble interpreting the information, your guidance counselor should be able to give you an idea of how your peers perform on the SAT. Ask around. If you're still having trouble getting information on peer scores, you could try asking your classmates. This will beespecially helpful if you can get info from honors students - their scores will generally be more competitive. SAT scores can bea touchy topic, however,so be sensitive and respectful if you discuss this information with your classmates. Use a rough rule of thumb. When lacking good information about peers' performance, you could use these (general) rules of thumb. Just keep in mind that these may deviate from your own school's averages depending on average performance (i.e. whether SAT scores at your school are above or below the national averages): Low composite scores for honors students (top 1/3rd of the class) will be around 1117, or 70th percentile nationally Low composite scores for top honors students (top 1/10th of the class) will be around 1256, or 85th percentile nationally Low Scores for Your Target Colleges Knowing how your scores compare to your peers may help you hone in on appropriate target, reach, and safety schools. How do you figure out what these schools will think of your SAT scores? What's the low score cutoff that will put your application in danger? Put simply; a low score is a score that will get you rejected.Schools don’t really publish hard minimum SAT requirements, but it’s east to get a general idea of what SAT scores they expect from applicants. In general, the bottom 25% of scores for a particular school is the danger zone. You can still get into a school if your score falls below the 25th percentile, but the chances are that your application will have to be exceptionally strong in other areas (e.g. GPA, extracurriculars). The "middle 50" percent of scores is a pretty safe range to aim for. If all students' scores were lined up in order, the middle 50 would be the range of scores from the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile. Your SAT scores don't necessarily need to be at the top of this range to get into a particular school, because by definition, 75% of its students have scores lower than those at the 75th percentile. If you want more information about SAT score ranges for particular schools, just google"[school name] PrepScholar admissions requirements." You can easily convert old SAT scores (out of 2400) to the new scoring system by multiplying by 2/3. What do you do, though, if your scores consistently fall in the bottom 25% of score ranges for the schools you're considering? Although it'simportant to have reach schools, it would be wise to apply to some less competitive schools as well. Apply to several schools where you fall into the "middle 50" score range in addition to a few safety schools to optimize admissions options. Low Scores for Yourself This isn't a comparison that many students consider when setting their own goal scores. There's so much focus on outward comparison that sometimes we forget to consider our own capabilities when thinking about low or high scores. It's important to be realistic about your own strengths and weaknesses when setting low score and high score parameters. If you set your score goal too high, you'll cause yourself unnecessary stress and frustration; set it too low, and you could miss out on opportunities at more competitive schools. How do you get an idea of what's reasonable? Your first step is to get a baseline score. Study for about 10 hours to gain basic familiarity with the SAT before taking a full practice test. Your score will give you a concrete place to work from. Keep in mind that many students, with adequate test prep, can improve 240+ points from this original baseline. This important initial step should help you understand what to expect from yourself when it comes to good and bad scores. If you’re not improving much after your baseline, then you know that the way you’re studying isn’t working. You may consider your baseline score to be within your low score range since you achieved it with minimal study time. To learn more about how to set appropriate SAT goal scores, read our guide to good and bad SAT scores. Don't get discouraged if you have low scores - that just means you have room to grow! How Do You Raise a Low SAT Score? If you've gone through all the steps of comparison and you find yourself disappointed with your scores, not to worry! There are things you can do to bring up those scores, but your plan of attack will vary based on your goal score and your study time availability. So what's your goal score? If your scores are already pretty high, and you want to get them as close to perfect as possible, read our guide to scoring a 1600. If your scores are in the lower end of the range, and you want to bring them up across the board, check out our posts on bringing up your reading, writing, and math scores. How much time do you have to study? If you have quite a bit of time on your hands, read more about setting a study timeline. You can also dive deeper into our blog sections dedicated to the reading, writing, and math sections. If youaretaking the SAT relatively soon, check out our last-minute study tips and strategies. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. 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