Fossil Fuels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fossil Fuels - Assignment Example The first practical use of natural gas was as early as 200 BCE by the Chinese made salt from brine and conveying the natural gas to evaporators through bamboo pipes (EIA, cited in ProCon.org, 2013). After the industrial revolution in 18th century, large scale use of fossil fuels has been reported (â€Å"Why did fossil fuels become so popular†, 2014). Petroleum products are being used as fuel to power transportation such as ships, automobiles and airplanes. Coal is used for electricity generation. The widespread use of fossil fuels harms the environment as these are a major cause of global warming, they cause acid rain, they will end up some day because they are non-renewable, their extraction damages the landscape and they affect the economy due to increase and decrease in their prices (Shepherd, 2002). If we do not start finding and using alternative sources of energy, we will not only end up severely polluting our environment but will also end up with no more fossil fuel reserves left. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and the geological processes that resulted in their creation took millions of years, meaning that if we run out of them, we will need millions of years to get them back, that too if the environmental conditions are right (Shepherd, 2002). While fossil fuels are being depleted, there is a need to develop alternative sources of energy. Alternative sources of energy such as nuclear power, solar power, wind power, hydro power and geothermal energy are renewable sources. This implies that they are so abundant on earth that they cannot be depleted. These sources of energy do not pollute the environment and thus are better alternatives to fossil fuels (â€Å"Energy Story†, 2012). Nuclear energy makes is the energy derived from atoms. It is based on nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Nuclear power plants are being constructed worldwide and these use uranium as fuel. A very large amount

Defendant Protections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defendant Protections - Assignment Example However, this has presented a major challenge as time to initiate arrest warrants can lead to dismantling of evidence and even to the extreme; the suspects may disappear as they evade arrest. Before searching for an arrest warrant, a neutral judge should grant the arresting officer permission to arrest the suspect. This move should be backed by adequate evidence of crime that must convince the judge or magistrate in order to issue an arrest warrant. If the evidence presented by the officer does not convince the judges then arrest warrant is not granted. In general, the fourth amendment deals with the aspect of search arrest and investigation. On to the Fifth Amendment, no defendant is held to answer for any infamous crime including a capital crime unless on indictment or presentment by the grand jury. No person is to be deprived of his liberty, life or property unless under the pronouncement of the law. Private property seized for the use of state must also be duly compensated (Brawell & McCarthy, 2011). The Fifth Amendment mainly governs pre-arraignment and post-arrest proceedings. The sixth amendment major deals with pre-sentecing and post arraignment proceedings. Under the six amendments the defendant has got the right to not only fair bit also speedy trial. He should be informed of the crime he is accused of and face pronouncements from an impartial jury. There should be a witness against him and should also have a witness in his favour.The defendant have also the right to find a counsel to advise him on relevant legal procedures regarding the case presented against him. Lastly, the eighth amendment deals with imposition of bails fines, bails and punishment of defendants. A defendant should in no time be subjected to unfair treatment and cruel punishment beyond the offence committed. Excessive bails and fines should not be imposed on defendants outside what is stipulated in the law (Wei, 2001). The magnitude of sentence pronounced

Greek Theatre: The Contribution and the Effect

Greek Theatre: The Contribution and the Effect The ancient Greeks are famous for their many contributions to the world. Among these contributions is one that has changed culture and the arts permanently. This contribution is theatre. Greek theatre is considered the beginning of theatre as we know it. Theatre began in Athens, circa 600 BC, developing out of rituals at the Dionysia. The Dionysia was a festival for followers of the cult of Dionysus, god of wine and festivities. Greek theatre really began to take shape, however, around 400 BC. The first actor was named Thespis, and it is from his name that the word thespian originated. Thespis was born in Attica, in 534 BC. He began performing speeches from epic poems and stories of the day, speaking from that characters point of view. His shows were also interactive, as he often spoke with the audience. Since no theater really existed at the time, he traveled from place to place with a handcart. He used masks, makeup, and costumes to make his monologues more realistic [Sandels]. Over time, theatre was changed and developed by forward-thinking playwrights. One such playwright, Aeschylus, introduced the concept of using a second character, so that dialogue and the interaction of the characters could be used as a plot device. Years later, another playwright, Sophocles, added another actor, steadily decreasing the importance of the chorus while increasing character interactions. Around the same time, Euripides gradually made theatre more natural and realistic, rather than the rigid, structured form of acting [History]. The theater itself was outdoors and known as an Amphitheater. It was semi-circular in shape, and terraced, allowing for each visitor to have perfect view. These seats were called the theatron, literally meaning the viewing area. On average, the Amphitheater was able to fit 1,500 viewers and was designed to have near perfect acoustics. There was usually a theater in each town, as theaters were also used for religious rituals and processions as well as entertainment. In the center was a circular platform called the orchestra. On the orchestra was an altar where sacrifices to Dionysus were performed. The stage itself was called the Proscenio. It was situated behind the orchestra, and was constructed much like stages today, although most of the acting took place in the orchestra. The back of this stage had painted backgrounds to create the settings for each scene [Englert]. These buildings were most likely brightly painted, although the paint would have faded over time [Phillips]. Behind the stage, machines used for the performances were kept. These machines were advanced technology for their day, and included the Aeorema, the Ekeclema, and the Periactoi. The Aeorema was one of the more commonly used. It was a large crane used to pull actors through the air. This was most often employed to create the illusion of gods, which led to the expression, Deus ex Machina. The Ekeclema was a wheeled platform. This sometimes ferried dead bodies across the stage, as murders and suicides were not shown on stage. This tradition stemmed from the superstition that to kill a person on stage would be foretelling of their actual death. The Periactoi consisted of two pillars, one on each side of the stage, which could turn to change the background setting without need of stagehands [Ancient]. All of these were constructed of simple machines, such as pulleys, levers, and wheels, made from wood, rope, and metal. They were put to use in many famous plays. The plays themselves were very similar to the modern musical. They had sing and dancing, sometimes accompanied by music. The cast was comprised of many actors, called hypocrites, both professional and amateur. The main character, or protagonist, was usually played by a professional and often highly-famed actor specifically chosen by the playwright, although some playwrights would portray this character themselves. Like most present musicals, there was also a chorus. The chorus provided the mood of the play by singing and dancing. Generally the lead chorus member was a professional dancer and singer, and the rest of the chorus was made up of amateurs. All the actors were men, as women were forbidden to appear on stage [Ancient]. The actors wore masks when portraying a woman or animal. These masks were built from wood, cloth, and clay, sometimes covered in animal or even human hair. The holes for the eyes were very small, but the opening for the mouth was large to allow the actors voic e to resonate more easily [Barrow]. The actors were sometimes required to wear wooden platform shoes, or kothomoi, in order to appear taller. Actors would also use optical illusions to seem taller or shorter. Vertical stripes were worn to appear taller and horizontal stripes to appear shorter [Ancient]. Greek plays generally fell into one of two categories: comedy or tragedy. Other than in satirical plays, these categories would never mix. The modern symbol of drama, a smiling comedic mask and a weeping tragic mask, stems from these categories. These different types of plays varied greatly, especially in their topic. Comedy plays included base, vulgar humor. Comedy plays were humorous representations of peasant life and values. They encouraged tradition and criticized what they considered immorality. They were generally far more popular with the lower class, as they joked about topics that the upper class would have been unable to relate to. They were considered by the Greeks to be the easiest to write and perform. Costumes for comedic plays usually depended on the characters of the play. As many of these plays were about animals, so were the costumes. The actors masks were exaggerated and grotesque, suggesting that the audience should not take them too seriously [Comic]. The most notable comedic playwright was Aristophanes, and his major plays include The Frogs and Lysistrata. Tragedy plays were not sad or depressing, but they were about more serious subjects than the comedic plays. Instead of a chaotic, meandering plot, tragic plays had a set rhythm and pattern to them. They also excluded vulgarity, tending not to offend their viewers. Tragedy plays explored the depth of human emotion and character. They were famous for their ability to cause the audience to relate to each character in a more empathetic way. They were more sophisticated and suited to the upper class than their humorous counterpart. Costumes were generally everyday clothing, if somewhat nicer and more elaborate. Notable playwrights of the genre included Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus. Prometheus Bound, Oedipus the King, and Medea are prime examples of tragic plays [Ancient]. Satirical plays emerged as a compromise to the two categories. These plays dealt with the same topics and ideas of a tragic play, but presented them in a comical manner. The actors mocked the clichà ©s and styles of a tragedy, and were often exaggerated in their mannerisms. These were popular with both the upper and lower classes, and were known for being very witty, a trait the Greeks admired greatly. They were generally as amusing as comedic plays, but not as rude and offensive. Cyclops, written by the poet Euripides, and The Scouts by Sophocles are the only known existing satire plays [Ancient]. Historians know of their existence in ancient Greece from other archaeological sources. Satire plays were considered the most difficult, for both the actors and playwrights. In competitions, a playwright would often submit a satire play to prove his worth, as well as their usual comic or tragic plays. They were also mush shorter than the other plays, usually only half as long as a tragedy . Greek plays were inextricably tied to the gods. Before each play, a sacrifice would be made to Dionysus, to whom theatre really owes its beginning. Apollo was also important. As the god of music and poetry, Apollo was especially honored by actors and playwrights. Equally important to the theatre were the Muses. The muses were the 9 goddesses of the arts. Terpsichore, Euterpe, Calliope, Thalia, and Melpomene were the most significant to the theatre. Terpsichore and Euterpe personified dance and music respectively, both key elements of Greek theatre. Calliope embodied epic poetry, which was usually the basis of most plays. Thalia and Melpomene represented the two categories of theatre, comedy and tragedy [Parada]. The Greeks have given much to our modern world through theatre. Every actor, of course, owes his or her livelihood to the Greeks innovative thinking. Many Greek plays still exist today, preserving the culture and traditions of their time. The basics of many modern machines come from the Aeorema, the Ekeclema, and the Periactoi, all machines created specifically for theatre productions. The Greeks have also provided the fundamentals of theatre. We still use stages, costumes, and make-up in acting today. We still have comedy, tragedy, and satire, although often combined, in present movies, television shows, and dramatic performances. Many theaters are modeled after Greek amphitheaters, in order to achieve their nearly flawless acoustics. No doubt exists, however, that Greek theatre has affected our society in deeper ways as well. Since the beginning of history, stories have been used to pass on values, such as integrity, bravery, and respect. Theatre continues today to bring life to these stories, forever imprinting itself into the minds and consciences of its audience. Each person can empathize with and relate to the characters, gaining insight to their own plights and personalities. Theatre also probes deep inside the heart of humanity, for the actors as well as the audience, as if through becoming another person, you learn more about yourself. Without theatre, culture as we know it could not exist. It has been changed permanently through theatre. A simple tradition of the Greeks has become a vital part of our identity as human beings. References Ancient Greek Theatre. Ancient Greek Theatre. Sept. 2008. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Comic Costumes. TheatreHistory.com. 2002. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Englert, Walter. Greek Theater. Reed College. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Barrow, Mandy. The Greek Theatre Ancient Greece for Kids.Woodlands Junior School, Tonbridge, Kent UK. 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Sandels, VEK, and George Synodinos. Thespis, Greece, Ancient History.Greece Travel History Mythology Greek Islands and Maps. 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Greek Masks and Their Rich History. Mask and More Masks Information for Collectors and Buyers. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. . History of Ancient Theatre. Tupelo Community Theatre. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. . Phillips, K. ANCIENT GREEK THEATRE. 29 Mar. 2000. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. Parada, Carlos. MUSES Greek Mythology Link. Entrance Greek Mythology Link. 1997. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. .

Global Monetary Depression Essay -- World History, Chinese Economy

Whether or not one believes that the 17th century global monetary depression actually occurred or if there even was a â€Å"general crisis† to begin with, it has been widely apparent that from 1601 to 1680, a transformation in economic history and a decline in transnational finance was underway. We cannot mistaken—though richly diverse the economy—a specific geographical region as if it fiscally rose or declined in isolation. Comparative studies are crucial; however, â€Å"it is yet another argument against the narrow parochialism which still afflicts the teaching of history in too many universities† (Aston 3). Those of us who have suffered while studying the Western past must not plummet into the similarly devastating Asian strain; therefore, while juxtaposing the two influential economies of the 17th century, Europe (Spain) and Asia (China), it is crucial to bear in mind the transnational fluctuations in domestic and oversea trade with regards to the glo bal consequences: monetary inflation. Unlike their European counterpart, Chinese feudalism consisted of peasants, especially in the late Ming and early Qing, that were not directly tied to landlords—rather, their atypical Chinese socioeconomic feudalism was more of a â€Å"commercialized peasant economy† where market imports were driven by the demands of the general public (Kishimoto-Nakayama 228). On the surface, an unfathomable torrent of New World silver deposits controlled by Spain alleviated much of the amounting debt and dissolved the liquidity crisis in Europe; however, it also unleashed a devastating increase of bullion in China’s over-heated economy which demoted global price levels on silver—leading to the deleterious monetary inflation (Glahn 429). Since the source of profit from... ...y-rocketed levels of international trade, government spending, and population—the main reason for China’s financial inflation was due to global climatic changes that diminished agricultural yields, caused outbreaks of epidemic and ultimately depreciated the purchasing value of money by increasing market prices of staple goods. In this same context, despite the fact that one nation’s economy was in decline, it did not Moreover, the instance of China’s financial crisis during the 17th century demonstrates the ultimate full scale of changes in a global economy and with respects to environmental factors. The significant economic downturns during the period brought to light the constantly shifting organizations of the first markets during the modern era and the indigenous demands for natural resources which determined the direction of a country’s economic stability.

Earth Catastrophes Essay

Doomsday: catastrophes that could end the Earth Many people throughout the world think that natural disasters, asteroid impacts, and pandemics do not have a great and long term effect on life on Earth; however this is not true. Today I’ll be only telling you about 3 of these possible disasters. One of the main possibilities of a catastrophe is an asteroid impact. For many years asteroids have come within 1000km of the Earth’s surface and then are pushed back. The chances of an asteroid slamming into Earth are a mere 450 to 1. If an asteroid does hit the Earth, it will send a shock wave all over the Earth and will destroy everything. Temperature will soar to 200â„Æ', everything will burn to ashes and the ocean will become steam. Planet Earth will become a giant fireball! In Yellowstone National Park there are many volcanic springs that erupt every hour sending out a large column of boiling water into the air. A few million years ago Yellowstone was alive with tremendous volcanoes spewing out lava uncontrollably for a few years. The carbon dioxide levels soared, and the surface temperature on Earth increased by 6â„Æ'. Scientists studying Yellowstone calculated that the magma beneath the surface is starting to rise fast. The disaster it will cause if it does happen will be apocalyptic to our modern world. Natural disasters may wreck cities, but what about a pandemic? In 1918 a pandemic swept across the world by ships and killed between 20 & 40 million people around the world. Today there are many forms of travel around the world; therefore a disease is likely to rapidly spread. Although antibiotics repel bacteria, there is a chance that one day we may not be so lucky! We can all help protect ourselves from these apocalyptic disasters, if we create awareness about them. NASA has already started to prepare for an asteroid impact by building a probe to gently push the asteroid of its path. More scientists from institutes all over the world have taken interest in Yellowstone’s volcanic activity. Every day in laboratories across the world medical scientists are searching for cures to diseases to help prevent a pandemic. So relax it’s not all doom and gloom! Farhaan Ahmed Grade 7 Dalgarno * For millions of year’s great ice ages, super volcano eruptions, gigantic earthquakes and plate tectonics shaped the Earth. * In the last 100 000 years no disaster has struck the Earth. * Scientists all over the world are discovering that there is pattern of catastrophic events across time. * Within the next 30 years or so, we headed for a huge natural disaster. * One of the main possibilities of a catastrophe is an asteroid impact. * For many years asteroids have come within 1000km of the Earth’s surface and then are pushed back. * Chances of an asteroid slamming into Earth mere 450 to 1. * I fan asteroid hit the Earth, it will send shock waves, magma and rock will shoot into the sky, temperatures will soar and oceans will boil. * In Yellowstone National Park there are many volcanic springs that erupt sending out a column of boiling water. * Millions years ago Yellowstone was alive with tremendous volcanoes. * The carbon dioxide levels soared, surface temperatures increased. * Scientists studying Yellowstone calculated that the magma beneath the surface is rising. * In 1918 a pandemic swept across the world killing between 20 & 40 million people. * Today there are many forms of travel; therefore a disease is likely to spread rapidly. * Chances of a pandemic aren’t so high because there are so many medical cures for diseases. * Studies in Denmark have shown too many antibiotics repel bacteria * We can all help protect ourselves from these apocalyptic disasters by creating awareness about them. * NASA has prepared for an asteroid impact by building a probe to push the asteroid. * Scientists from institutes all over the world have taken interest in Yellowstone’s volcanic activity to help us know more about volcanoes. * In labs across the world medical scientists are searching for cures to diseases to help prevent a pandemic.

The Nightingale and the Rose

I like this story entitled The Nightingale and the Rose because the power of love shown by the nightingale is so amazing. The Nightingale willing to sacrifice himself for something he believed in, that why he had a great power to fulfill his dream to made a red rose flower for the student. The plot of the story is very simple. A young student thought that he was madly in love with the professor's daughter. He felt miserable because he could not find a single red rose in the whole garden to give to his love, and he knew that without the rose she would not agree to dance with him in the ball to be given by the prince the next day. The Nightingale overheard this and was deeply touched by what she believed was the expression of the young man's true love. So she decided to help the young man, but she was told that the only way to get a red rose in this cold winter was for her to build it out of her music and her heart's blood. The Nightingale of course also valued her life, but she was ready to lay down her own life for the happiness of the young couple. She therefore did what she was told to do. The next morning, the most beautiful red rose appeared, but the Nightingale was found dead under the rose-tree. Not knowing what it had cost to produce the rose, the student thought that he was very lucky to find this flower and he immediately plucked it and ran to the professor's daughter. The professor's daughter, however, turned him down because she had already agreed to dance with the Chamberlain's nephew who had given her precious stones. The student was very angry, so he threw the rose away and returned to his reading. This is a touching story of love, but not the love between the young student and the professor's daughter, because neither of them understood what true love is. The girl was interested only in power and money, and the young man, in what he considered practical. The only person who understood love, treasured love, and was ready to sacrifice her life for love was the Nightingale. For her love is eternal music, love is the most precious thing: even more precious than life itself, and true love is always in the giving rather than in the taking. The main theme of this story is love, in fact the young Student needs a red rose to conquer the girl he affirms he loves, even if at the end she doesn’t appreciate his act. This makes us understand two things: on the one hand, that love often brings sorrow, as happens to the tender Nightingale whose gesture of love is not understood by the silly Student. On the other hand, it is very difficult to distinguish between real, authentic love and a more superficial sentiment, and only a very sensitive person can appreciate the full value of this feeling. Besides there are other themes: ingratitude, because the Student is ungrateful towards the Nightingale, whose act of love he is too arid to grasp; generosity, because the altruist Nightingale sacrifices her life to help the Student and her sacrifice is actually wasted. As for the girl, she is not merely superficial but also vain and materialistic, as she loses all interest in the Student once she is promised something more ‘precious’ like the jewels of the Chamberlain’s nephew. This fairy tale is very incisive and, despite its apparent simplicity, leaves the reader with a clear moral message: it is important to remember that some people sometimes sacrifice their life or suffer to help others, but at the end they aren’t returned with the same emotional intensity and their actions are not even fully understood. This is a moral message that should be born clear in mind, in an age and period when most people appear to be interested only in their own welfare, without being able to look beyond their limited, subjective perspective, thus failing to see what or who is outside the borders of their very narrow egoistic world.

Research Paper Editing

Research Paper Editing Research Paper Editing Research Paper Editing You've finished your work, the pressure is off, and you're feeling a mixture of satisfaction and relief. The last thing you want to do is to sit down and carefully editing a research paper one more time. Most students don't spend enough time editing their English research papers, but it's not enough just to rely on a computer spell-checker. Some students submit research paper without editing them, only to find that the pages are out of order, references are incorrect, the printer was out of alignment or the reference list is missing. If you devote enough time to editing your college research paper, you'll find some mistakes that could easily be corrected and you'll be protected against unnecessary loss of marks. The following example may sound familiar. When you write out the final version of your academic research paper, you fix up some of the sentence structure and expression along the way. It is not uncommon for a word to be on the 'tip of your tongue', but it refuses to pop out, so you leave a space for the word, making a mental note to come back to it later. A variation on this theme is work full of correction fluid gaps. While editing your research paper, you find a mistake, use correction fluid and, as it dries, you rake a mental note to come back to it. In both cases, it is easy to forget these mental notes and to hand in work with white blanks on the pages. Editing Help Research paper editing isn't easy, so don't rush it. Read the following paper editing tips. Mistakes are easy to miss even when you are looking for them and edit them. Because you are familiar with the material, as you read through it your mind tends to anticipate what is to come and you begin to gloss over what you are reading. The simplest way to overcome such editing pitfalls is to get a friend or a family member to proofread and edit your writing. If you do it alone, the only way not to miss mistakes is to read and edit your English research paper line by line. Block all the lines of your research paper writing, bar the one you are actually reading with a ruler or piece of paper. Editing research paper requires concentration on each word in the line, then moving to the next line while keeping the others covered. Line by line is the only effective way of research paper editing. .com Many students seek professional research paper editing services because they understand the value of perfection. Polished papers are marked higher because nothing distracts the reader's attention from the points you are making.   We have the lowest prices on essay editing services and we are available 24/7 to help you with research paper editing. Our blog is absolutely free to use!

Essay on Policy-making in the Federal SystemEssay Writing Service

Essay on Policy-making in the Federal SystemEssay Writing Service Essay on Policy-making in the Federal System Essay on Policy-making in the Federal SystemToday the U.S. government plays a significant role in finding solutions to various public policy-related issues, involving conflicting crosscurrents. Besides, popular government’s responsibility to solve various problems caused by public policy often exceeds the capacity of state and local authorities to respond effectively. Public policies developed at the national level may fail to address the key issues influenced by the great diversity of interests at the local level. Moreover, the effectiveness of the policy is debatable in terms of the constitutional framework of federalism. Obamacare is a public policy that deserves special attention because its effectiveness is debatable. Thesis statement: Obamacare is a new public policy, the effectiveness of which is debatable in terms of the principle of federalism.Obamacare: background information  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obamacare is one of the federal policies that pr ovide support to Americans in the field of health care. The policy raises the issues of federalism because it requires national, state, and local interaction and invites tension across different levels of government.The key elements of the policyThe problem Obamacare is supposed to solve is the problem of uninsured, poor American citizens. Although the majority of Americans use the benefits under Medicaid, the so-called working poor Americans do not have health care insurance. This group of American citizens involves those people who â€Å"make too much to meet income threshold for benefits but not enough to reasonably afford health care† (Obamacare Simplified, 2013, p. 24).The history of the policyObamacare, or the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, was signed into law by the U.S President Obama in 2010. Today this federal statute represents an important regulatory tool of the U.S. health care system. The policy raises issues of federalism because it is based on the argument that â€Å"the law’s expansion of Medicaid violates the principle of federalism embodied in provisions such as Tenth Amendment† (Foley, 2012, p. 36).Evaluation of the various pros and cons about the policyObamacare as a federal policy is a controversial one. The debate about the effectiveness of the policy involves both pros and cons.The main pros of the policy include: the affordability of health insurance, the expansion of insurance coverage, the use of tax credits by employees, saving money by millions of senior Americans on Medicare insurance programs, gaining access to women’s health services by millions of American women, etc. (Skousen, 2013).The main cons of the policy include: opting out of Medicaid expansion plans, creation of new boards or agencies, establishment of new programs, changes in the insurance of employees by firms, which may lead to fines, damage to employment opportunities, violation of religious principles in case of increased c ontraception rate, considerable increase in the tax rate, etc. (Skousen, 2013).Actually, the pros and cons can be evaluated from two different perspectives.The policy’s effectivenessThe term â€Å"policy effectiveness† refers to a public policy, which provides the opportunities for achieving the desired outcome. Effectiveness can be measured by assessing the policy performance criteria. Obamacare provides the opportunities for increasing the affordability of health insurance through the considerable reduction of the uninsured rate and expansion of public and private health insurance coverage. The costs of health care services for Americans and the government should be reduced.The policy’s consistency with the constitutional framework of federalism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American federalism’s constitutional framework stands for enhancing democracy through the established laws and regulations. Under the constitutional framework of Ameri can federalism, the states can be viewed as sovereign entities, which have their own powers based on the Constitution, and which cannot be transgressed by the federal government. The federal government cannot use the constitutional power in order to force the states to implement certain federal policies (Ferrara, 2012).The federal policy discussed in this paper is not consistent with the constitutional framework of federalism. According to recent studies, â€Å"Obamacare transgresses state sovereignty and violates the constitutional framework of federalism† (Ferrara, 2012, p.1). In other words, the policy’s expansion of the Medicaid program violates the Tenth Amendment.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Obamacare involves conflicting crosscurrents. The policy creates certain problems caused by its inconsistency with the constitutional framework of federalism, although the effectiveness of the policy is promisin g. Obamacare promises to reduce health care costs through more effective health care delivery plan.

Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature

Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature Colonial discourse has been defined by many writers such as Diniz (1996:126) who points out hat â€Å"Colonial discourse usually refers to the writing which runs from five hundred years, through the days of European mercantile expansion, to our own time (1996:126). This definition suggests that the era of Colonialism in literature began in the 17th C. with the publication of Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1611-12). In this paper, however, the term is used to refer to the literature written in English, but confined to the century of British Colonialism and the decades of anti- or post colonial activity which followed. Said’s Orientalism (1978) uses the concept of colonial discourse to re-order the study of colonialism. So it can be said to inaugurate a new kind of study of colonialism. Said’s Orientalism examines how the East, including the Middle East, is represented in the history and the literature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as inferio r people without religion or morals. Said’s projecttries to show how knowledge about the non-Europeans was part of the process of maintaining power over them. In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constructed by Western Literature and not with how such construction was received by colonial subjects. It examines the Western attitudes toward the East. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as â€Å"irrational,† â€Å"week† and â€Å"feminised other†. This depiction can be contrasted with the depiction of the West as â€Å"rational†, â€Å"strong† and â€Å"masculine†. Said’s Culture and Imperialism (1994) Colonial discourse is a concept popularized by Edward Said. In this paper, it refers also to the knowledge of Africa constructed by the West (colonial writers: as Defoe and Conrad) to bolster its colonizing interests, and the reaction of the East (colonized writers as: Achebe). C olonial discourse has not been the product of a certain age and it has attracted the attention of several writers and critics. Those celebrated authors as Conrad and Defoe created remarkable works out of the subject of Colonialism. Nowadays, Colonial discourse is one of the most current issues in literary criticism. 1.2. Life and Works of Defoe, Conrad and Achebe 1.2.1. Life and Works of Defoe: Danial Defoe was born about 1660 in London. His father, James Foe, was poor but hard working butcher. Defoe was not able to attend traditional institutions like Oxford and Cambridge because of his father’s opposition. Defoe is often considered the father of English novel. He is a master of simple prose and powerful narrative with a love of realistic detail. He is a great imaginative writer who creates one of the most familiar resonant myths of modern literature. He is influenced by the writings of Addison, Steel and Swift. Defoe’s important works are: Robinson Crusoe (1719), Mol l Flanders (1722), Capitan Singleton (1720) and The History of Peter the Great and Colonel Jack (1722). Defoe died in London on April 24, 1731. 1.2.2. Life and Works of Conrad Joseph Conrad was born in December 3, 1857. His childhood was affected by his homeland’s struggle for independence. He is a Polish novelist and short story writer. Conrad is one of the English language’s greatest stylists. He becomes one of the greatest writers in the world. His major works include Heart of Darkness (1902), Lord Jim (1900), The Secret Agent (1907), Under the Western Eyes (1911) and Nostrome (1904). He died of heart failure on August 3, 1924.

Art Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Review - Essay Example Most of the foot prints are in opposite directions or overlapping and crossing each other. The background has been further ornamented with colourful blocks and circular designs in bright blue, orange, green and yellow shades. The larger footprints are mainly in darker colours of blacks and greys while the smaller ones are dominated with brighter colours of orange and yellow. The painting has been used as a metaphor for Africa. The merge of bright, vibrant colours is used to represent the political clashes and instability in Africa. The artist has used two fragmented canvases which have footprint designs in different directions, crossing each other or in the same direction. This is a metaphor for the conflicting agendas and ideologies of the African people and the two canvases represent the fragmentation of the continent on the basis of politics, culture and social agendas. Isichei explains that the painting is a representation of the continent’s instability which has disabled them from discovering their beautiful land and succumbing to contradictory ideas, agendas and political mayhem, exploiting their beautiful land. The painting grabbed my attention at the Denver Art Mueseum because of its boldness and vibrant display. The beauty of the art lies in its simplicity to convey a social or a personal idea, yet in a visually attractive manner. Still Searching by Romanus Isichei appeared as an appealing display on the wall, screaming for attention with its vivacious colours and straightforwardness. To represent the African instability only with the crossing footprints in the background of contrasting shades is indeed a beauty in itself. I have always loved to play with different contrasting bright colours and paintings that use them in a shrewd manner to express feelings and meaning, always fascinates me. I observe the paintings in Denver Art Museum that try to reach out to the observer with

Organisations and Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Organisations and Behaviour - Assignment Example 12 Works Cited 13 Name of the Student Name of the Professor Name of the Course Date 1.1 Comparison of the organizational structure of John Lewis Partnership Company and Bradford College The governance structure in this Partnership business was established by the founder of the organization, John Spedan Lewis. It was formed by staying in compliance with the Company’s constitution. The organizational structure of John Lewis Partnership Company provides the management with the independence and opportunity to become entrepreneurial as well as competitive while carrying out business operations for the achievement of long term success. The owners or the partners of the company are given the ownership responsibilities of the corporation by means of active involvement within the businesses. In contrary, the organizational structure of Bradford College is framed in such manner that the responsibilities are allocated equally to all the staff members. The organization allocates the dutie s, responsibilities and the managing power to the employees in order to ensure coordination and completion of tasks without any redundancy. The Director is the head of the organization. The Director allocates responsibilities to various departments including Finance, marketing and Businesses and Service Departments. The organizational structure of the institution helps in increasing its performance as well. Comparison of the Organizational Culture of John Lewis Partnership Company and Bradford College The organizational culture of John Lewis Partnership Company circulates around the employee ownership which is highly distinct and successful. The business owners of the corporation have themselves explained that their perspectives regarding the benefits from this type of partnership business is highly competitive in the retail environment. As the employees are given the decision making authority and the right to a share of profit, it encourages them to perform well and drive the sales as well as the customer service up high. The employee ownership has a motivational impact on their performances. The partners run the business by means of a self-governing framework consisting of a set of committees who communicates the opinions of the partners back to the Partnership Board, Partnership Council and Chairman. In contrast to this, the organizational culture of the college is based on 7 E’s which are Employability, Equality & Diversification, Enrichment, Enterprise, Environment, Excellence and Engagement of the Employers. The vision of the institution is to provide knowledge and skills to the students in order to help them in achieving their desired career and improving their standard of living. The employers provide the students with wide knowledge and skills related to high levels of numeracy, literacy and Information Technology literacy. It is a place where diversification and equality is encouraged and at the same time,

Your Lot in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Your Lot in Life - Essay Example London, et.al. (2007) aver that â€Å"it is universally accepted that breast milk is the most desirable sources of nutrition for newborns†. However, there are critical issues which encompass breastfeeding mothers, especially those who have to return to work. It is in this regard that this research paper aims to determine relevant factors associated with breastfeeding. Several literatures would also be presented on their respective studies regarding breastfeeding and working mothers. Finally, this paper would seek to address the problem of breastfeeding mothers torn between working and continuing this life nourishing task. More and more women have opted to maintain full time work due to economic factors. For women who gave birth to their firstborn, the following is a typical scenario which needs a closer review. â€Å"You are expecting your first child and are interested in breastfeeding your baby. You would also like to return to work relatively soon. You have to decide how valuable breastfeeding is and whether you can work and breastfeed.† (1) Increased resistance to infections; (2) Earlier development of the infant immune system; (3) Decreased risk of ear infections; (4) Decreased risk of diarrhea; (5) Decreased risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome); (6) Baby is less likely to be hospitalized due to serious illness; and (7) Human milk is made to meet the specific needs of human babies, and it changes as the baby grows to offer the best combination of nutrients that make it easy for baby to digest and use. (1) Less childhood obesity; (2) Reduced risk of some chronic diseases that develop during childhood including: juvenile diabetes, childhood cancers, and allergic disease/asthma; (3) Enhanced neurological development that may result in higher IQs (60) and better eyesight; and (4) Suckling at the breast promotes good jaw development and encourages the growth of

Sin in The Kite Runner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sin in The Kite Runner - Essay Example He has the protective umbrella of his culture, his religion Islam, for all his evil deeds. The immediate action may be brutal, intentional killing but it has been committed to serve a greater cause of religion. But that is acceptable as per a particular culture and will not have universal acceptance from the point of view of humankind as a whole. The pages of human history are daubed, drenched and soaked in the blood of such evil deeds and attempts have been made for ethnic cleansing through mass killings. This is comparable to the mass demolition operations of residential and commercial properties by an authorized government agency in compliance with the laws of the land, howsoever bad may be the law in the ordinary parlance. So the concept of theft elaborated by Baba in the novel, needs to be understood along with the concept of property. Property is something owned and also the right of ownership. Baba propounds this view when he elucidates, "There is only one sin, only one. And t hat is theft. Every other sin is a variation of theft....When you kill a man, you steal a life. You steal his wife's right to a husband; rob his children of a father. When you tell a lie, you steal someone's right to the truth. When you cheat, you steal the right to fairness." (18) But Baba does not stand up to his professed conviction in his own case. Amir comes to know that Hassan is his half-brother which means Baba has stolen Amir’s right to truth throughout his youth and till this fact comes to his notice. The issue has further serious dimensions. Baba’s sexual relationship with another man’s wife is equivalent of committing the universal sin... The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner,† the author discusses whether atonement of sins is possible. One of the ways to atone the sins of the past is to challenge them. Amir tries to do the same. It is not possible for anyone, Amir included, to escape from sins committed in the past, as they have already happened. Amir has no way to escape his guilt. He must be suffering for it every day, in his every thought and in every type of societal disposition. Each and every molecule of his mind and body must have been surcharged with the negativities generated out of his sins.   It must be haunting at all times, in all situations. The author explains about Amir’s social position thus: â€Å"Amir, the socially legitimate half, the half that represented the riches he had inherited and the sin-with-impunity privileges that came with them.† But Amir is not to be blamed for what is inherited by him, for he is in no way responsible for that action. Two important observations about sin at the end of the novel set the reader thinking. The author writes, â€Å"I pray, I pray that my sins have not caught up with me the way I’d always feared they would. A STARLESS BLACK NIGHT falls over Islamabad† and something more is in the store about America. He writes, â€Å"America, you don’t reveal the ending of the movie, and if you do, you will be scorned and made to apologize profusely for having committed the sin of spoiling the End.† By now the reader must be feeling bewildered to know the vast dimensions of sin.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Economic - Essay Example This is shown in the following figure: Image Courtesy: Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006 These top prices are backed up by a change in the iron ore cost curve in current years. Following figure proves it. Image Courtesy: Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006 Australian Producers must take benefit of these high prices of iron ore and demand for the mineral Since Australia is the low cost manufacturer of iron ore exported to China, the operating costs to mine the mineral and transporting the ore to the ports are also low. The substructure and iron ore mining procedures in Australia is world class which has been proved by their position on the cost curve (Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006) in the following figure: Image Courtesy: Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006 For the past few years Western Australia has become one of the individual country to produce and export iron ore on a large scale. This has been possible due to the Chinese demand for iron ore [(Adams, (2004); Clements and Greig (1994); Clements et al. (1996); Layman (2004) and Ye (1998)]. The low cost of production has helped Australian manufacturers to be unambiguously placed to captivate chances produced by quick Asian demand growth. On the other hand, reacting promptly to shifts in demand is vital to pulling in the break. Any collapse to react to the market increases the threat that other producer countries, will set up low cost production installations in contest with Australia. The longer the postponement the bigger will be the threat. If Western Australia is to increase its supply of iron ore and reap the benefits of growing profit then it has to optimize its inputs. This can be achieved with the help of various combinations of its inputs. The following figure proves this: Source: Seattle education - Appendix to chapter eight In the above figure isoquant Q1 is for 500 units, Q2 is for 475 units and Q3 is for 400 units. Australia can take advantage of this opportunity The production facility ela borations and capital investments demanded to meet this upsurge in demand are enormous. This will have to be made in a much planned way and should be timely too. If Western Australia wants to hold on to its present contribution of sales, it will require committing in a further 300 million tonnes of yearly production capacity over the subsequent 20 years. The kind of commitment needed to attain this capacity is considerable advances to existent port and rail installations in addition to expansion of new mines and elaborations of existent mine sites. At a conventional standard cost of a$65 per tonne in capital expenses demanded for the extra capacity will amount to roughly a$20 billion in extra capital investments compulsory over the following 20 years (Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006). Optimization of inputs M and L A firm’s production function represents the means by which the different resources of production can be combined to produce a particular quantity of output. In reality the production function denotes the different combination of raw materials like land; labor etc., to produce the maximum quantity of output for a given period. The state of technology is assumed to be fixed (Rowles, 2011). Let us now look at what happens when the inputs like Machinery (M) and labour (L) are optimized with the help of this figure: Figure: (Rowles, 2011). In the above figu

Plant and Fungus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant and Fungus - Essay Example Variably, fungi that include mushroom and yeast contribute in the preparation of beverages and are of medical value. Notably, my personal interaction with plants and fungi depicts positive results and their relevance in facilitating individual’s wellbeing. The organisms bear fruits, seeds and other products that are of high value to human life. Most people have been using the yields from the organisms as a source of food, fuel, energy and beverage. It has come into my attention that some seed plants and fungi are good medicinal products that are used in curing certain diseases that affect human development (Jabr, 2011). Secondly, the yields from the items are used in achieving nutritional balance since they provide food rich in diverse nutrients. Similarly, fungi organisms are widely depended on by most farmers as farm fertility boosters as they facilitate decomposition and recycling of organic matter (Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson & Campbell, 2014). Farmers use them in ripening Roquefort and other products including blue cheese. From my interactions with the organisms, it is apparent that human welfare and vibrancy is dependent on the kind of food items, products one uses and the freshness of the environment. No one can thrive without consuming healthy food with superior nutritional content and breathing fresh air. It is inevitably true that I am in the business of using various types of plants and fungi, and they are affecting my life positively. In particular, I use maize, rice, wheat, mushroom and potatoes as food in most occasions. The food items constitute my favorite meals ever since, and their preference is based on the nutritional value (Reece et al, 2014). Subsequently, flowering plants such as tea, coffee and cocoa have formed key sources of my beverage. On the other hand, yeast that is a renowned type of fungi remains a vital source of my alcoholic beverage.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Economic - Essay Example This is shown in the following figure: Image Courtesy: Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006 These top prices are backed up by a change in the iron ore cost curve in current years. Following figure proves it. Image Courtesy: Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006 Australian Producers must take benefit of these high prices of iron ore and demand for the mineral Since Australia is the low cost manufacturer of iron ore exported to China, the operating costs to mine the mineral and transporting the ore to the ports are also low. The substructure and iron ore mining procedures in Australia is world class which has been proved by their position on the cost curve (Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006) in the following figure: Image Courtesy: Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006 For the past few years Western Australia has become one of the individual country to produce and export iron ore on a large scale. This has been possible due to the Chinese demand for iron ore [(Adams, (2004); Clements and Greig (1994); Clements et al. (1996); Layman (2004) and Ye (1998)]. The low cost of production has helped Australian manufacturers to be unambiguously placed to captivate chances produced by quick Asian demand growth. On the other hand, reacting promptly to shifts in demand is vital to pulling in the break. Any collapse to react to the market increases the threat that other producer countries, will set up low cost production installations in contest with Australia. The longer the postponement the bigger will be the threat. If Western Australia is to increase its supply of iron ore and reap the benefits of growing profit then it has to optimize its inputs. This can be achieved with the help of various combinations of its inputs. The following figure proves this: Source: Seattle education - Appendix to chapter eight In the above figure isoquant Q1 is for 500 units, Q2 is for 475 units and Q3 is for 400 units. Australia can take advantage of this opportunity The production facility ela borations and capital investments demanded to meet this upsurge in demand are enormous. This will have to be made in a much planned way and should be timely too. If Western Australia wants to hold on to its present contribution of sales, it will require committing in a further 300 million tonnes of yearly production capacity over the subsequent 20 years. The kind of commitment needed to attain this capacity is considerable advances to existent port and rail installations in addition to expansion of new mines and elaborations of existent mine sites. At a conventional standard cost of a$65 per tonne in capital expenses demanded for the extra capacity will amount to roughly a$20 billion in extra capital investments compulsory over the following 20 years (Port Jackson Partners Limited, 2006). Optimization of inputs M and L A firm’s production function represents the means by which the different resources of production can be combined to produce a particular quantity of output. In reality the production function denotes the different combination of raw materials like land; labor etc., to produce the maximum quantity of output for a given period. The state of technology is assumed to be fixed (Rowles, 2011). Let us now look at what happens when the inputs like Machinery (M) and labour (L) are optimized with the help of this figure: Figure: (Rowles, 2011). In the above figu

Food in My Family Essay Example for Free

Food in My Family Essay I come from a very diverse ethnic background, with many variations of what maybe considered cultural foods. I have many fond memories of family reunions and all the interesting dishes my relatives would prepare. Food in my family holds so much meaning; it’s the glue that has held us together for many years even before I was born. Food in my family isn’t just a substance we consume in order to keep our bodies healthy and energized. When we create a meal, it’s as if we are creating art by expressing ourselves in our dish. We take the time to perfect our meals, while also keeping our tradition alive by incorporating the same rituals as our ancestors before us. When it came to certain meals my mother was very traditional in preparing it, and it had to be done a certain way or it was ruined. She wanted to maintain our family’s culture in each dish she prepared. She felt as if by doing this it kept our ancestor’s memories alive; with each recipe preserved to its natural and formal state with zero alteration kept our tradition alive. She didn’t believe in wasting food, so when she prepared dishes she would make sure to cook everything from the head to the feet. My mother’s favorite dish to create was Peni which means pig in Spanish. I remember going to the meat market and having to wait on long lines to buy a whole pig so that she can begin prepping it for the family reunion that was scheduled for next week. My mother always said Una de Las cosas mas importantes de recordar es que no es el alimento que usted come que es importante pero como usted lo creo que lo hace memorable. In English it means â€Å"One of the most important things to remember is that it is not the food you eat that is important, but its how you created it that makes it memorable. † Preparing meals for a family reunion takes a group effort; especially if it requires large quantities of food needed. I believe it brought us closer together when we were cooking the meals compare to when we actually sat down to eat it. Everyone had there own responsibilities to help contribute to the meals, my family was big on making sure no one was left out. It brought everyone together as a whole, no matter what prier arguments you had with one another or what grudges you may have construed towards each other. It was always put aside when it came to family reunion, because on that day nothing else mattered but family. I believe certain foods can trigger certain memories, depending on what your mind can connect it too. For example every time I smell the sweet sent of buttered pancakes in the morning with a side of bacon. It reminds me of my mom and how I use to wake up and run to the kitchen as fast as I can trying to beat my brothers to the table, because I knew they would eat up all the beacon. It reminds me of happier days; when I use to not have to worry about anything and I could just be myself. When my mother would create Peni it would take hours to just prepare it and then she would have to wrap it up in alumini foil so that it would allow the seasonings to settle in. With big family reunions it bound to have some people bring the similar dishes. Even though they cooked the same type of meat doesn’t mean that they are the same dish. Since they were prepared by two different people with different backgrounds, the dish itself represents two completely different styles. For example my mother cooked a lot of her foods traditionally, because that’s how she was raised. She grew up with the knowledge of our ancestor recipes, but our relatives from other countries grow up with their own cooking style. They made it the best way they felt expresses themselves and what they grew accustom to. I looked forward to having family reunions not just because I enjoyed learning how create new dishes, but also I wanted to feel closer to my relatives who I hardly ever get to see. By tasting their foods I was able to take a journey to their home town. I was able to taste all the seasoning that they grew up with and to what they felt best express the true essence of the meat. From the bitter sweet aroma to the texture of how it was deliciously prepared with each morsel I bit into, you could tell how much attention to detail was put into it. I love trying new things especially created by my family members because their style of cooking was so different compare to what I was used to; it was so unique. It always surprised me how dramatically different there dishes tasted compared to my mothers. They would use ingredients I didn’t expect would ever mix so wonderfully together. That’s why I believe when you create a meal it is a form of expression of who you are and where you come from. Every time I eat Peni it reminds me of many different fond memories of my mother, because that was what she loved to make. She took pride in her cooking and because of it I also take pride in everything I cook.

Effects on the Fetus During Pregnancy

Effects on the Fetus During Pregnancy This essay will describe prenatal development, labour and birth. Before getting pregnant women take folic acid, this helps prevent birth defects that can affect the brain and spinal cord. Women wanting to get pregnant will also ensure that they eat healthily and drink less alcohol. Prenatal development is the period from conception to birth, it has three periods within the nine-month period; the start of life occurs when the sperm and ovum unite, this is the germinal stage and lasts between 8 and 10 days. The fertilised egg is called a zygote, the zygote will divide itself again and again, after approximately a week it will implant itself into the wall of the uterus, by two weeks this will be completed and is now an embryo, the embryo is protected by the amniotic sac, it is made of two membrane sheets the outer sheet is the chorion and the inner layer the amnion The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the second month, the embryo begins to take on the look of a baby with a body, head, arms and legs. The final stage is the foetal stage, the foetus will begin to develop fingernails and eyelids as well as begin to move, by the seventh month the foetus can breathe and cry; the last two months is when the foetus grows and puts on weight. (Thomas Keenan and Subhad ra Evans, 2010) During pregnancy, the mother will be monitored by the doctor and midwife to check for blood type, anaemia, urine tests, glucose testing and blood pressure. Ultra sounds will take place at 12 weeks and 20 weeks, this is to check the babys heart rate and growth. The bump will also be regularly measured. The first stage of labour begins with contractions this starts with a backache and then gradually becomes stronger, also at this point the mother will have a show this is where the plug of mucus from your cervix comes away. Next the waters may break this is the amniotic fluid that the baby grows in. In the second stage of labour the contractions continue they get stronger and last longer, as this happens the cervix softens and dilates. Once the cervix has expanded enough, usually 10cm, the mother will begin to bear down and push. The head will come first; breech birth is when the feet come first, once the head is born the baby is then turned so it can arch its back and allow the shoulder, one at a time to pass, the rest of the body then passes through easily. The umbilical cord is then cut. The third stage of labour comes after the birth, the placenta separates itself from the wall of the uterus and is pushed out by one final contraction, often the mother has been given an injection and this helps shrink the uterus allowing the midwife to pull it out. The midwife will check that the placenta and cord are intact otherwise there is a risk of infection. (Reynolds, 1987) Whilst in the womb the baby will be covered in vernix and lanugo, the vernix acts as a moisturiser for the baby whilst it is in the amniotic sac and lanugo are fine soft hairs that cover the baby, it acts as an anchor to hold the vernix. This usually falls off just before birth but some babies still have lanugo when they are born. The midwife will check the baby using the APGAR score 1 minute and 5 minutes after the birth, this is to check activity, pulse, grimace, appearance and respiration. The baby is scored on the results: 7-10 baby is in good shape; 4-6 baby may need help; 3 or less immediate life saving measures needed. Postpartum care begins after the birth and lasts 6-8 weeks, this entails making sure the mother eats well, rests enough and cares for her vagina. A new mother will go through physical and emotional changes and it is important that she looks after herself. There are many things that can affect the foetus whilst being pregnant, this can either be genetic and chromosomal such as spina bifida and Downs syndrome, Downs syndrome is caused by having an extra chromosome instead of 46 they have 47 chromosomes. This can be detected early in the pregnancy through ultra-scans and a test called amniocentesis, the doctor will extract a small amount of the amniotic fluid and examine it. (Reynolds, 1987)ÂÂ   Infections that have been contracted by the mother can cause congenital anomalies such as TORCH, this includes Toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections. These infections cause mild maternal morbidity and cause serious consequences to the foetus, unfortunately treatment has no effect on the outcome of the foetus. A vaccine called the MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) is given to all children in 2 doses, first between 12 to 15 months and then again between 4 and 6 y ear old to provent Rubella. Other factors are teratogens, these are classified as physical infectious or chemical agents and they can cause defects in the embryo or foetus; this can be through smoking and drinking and can affect the foetus by low birth weight or foetal alcohol syndrome. (FAS) Drugs such as cocaine are harmful to the foetus, babies exposed to cocaine tend to be born prematurely or have low birth weight, cocaine exposed babies are three times as likely to have a very small head circumference or to show some signs of neurological abnormalities. (Helen Bee and Denise Boyd, 2004) Unfortunately, it is still unclear what the long-term effects of cocaine use are to the unborn child. The mothers health and age can affect the foetus, the mother needs to have nutrients and calories to prevent malnutrition otherwise there is the risk of stillbirth, low infant birth weight or infant death in the first year. Also, ensuring the mother has folic acid reduces the risk of spina bifida this is an abnormality in which the lower part of the spine does not close. (Helen Bee and Denise Boyd, 2004) Whilst it is important that the mother has a sufficient diet it is also important that she does not put on too much weight, this could lead to a cesaren delivery and be prone to postpartum obesity this includes heart disease and diabetes. According to the Human Reproduction journal, data was used to look at the risks associated with pregnancy in women over the age of 35, their findings showed that there is an increased risk of gestational diabetes, placenta praevia and breech presentation and still birth was higher in older women. (M Jolly, N Sebire, J Harris, S Robinson and L Regan, 2000) Fortunately, there is a lot of support to help expectant mothers such as doctors, midwives and health visitors. Pregnant mothers are routinely monitored to check the development of the foetus and are assessed for any complications that may arise, it is important to inform the doctor of any family impediments so that regular tests can be conducted and support is put in place for the family. The attachment theory originated from the work of John Bowlby, he states that all children need to form a bond with someone, not necessarily the mother but the main caregiver; this is known as monotropism. Bowlby said that babies need to maintain proximity to their caregivers. He followed on from Freuds psychodynamic theory and from ethology which is the study of animal behaviour, to develop his theory about the bonding relationship that develops between parents and children and the disruption to that relationship that can occur through separation, bereavement or emotional deprivation. (Barnes, 1995) Bowlby felt there were 4 stages of attachment, the first stage preattachment occurs in the first few months of life, the child will not show any preference to any caregiver. The second stage is attachment-in-the-making and this is from 2-7 months of age, the child will begin to discriminate between who they know and who they do not know and will have a preference. The third stage is clear-cut-attachment, the child has developed attachments with their main caregivers and will actively seek them out, they also show signs of distress when they cannot see their caregiver. The final stage is goal-corrected partnership and this occurs from about 2 years of age, the child begins to be aware of the caregivers feelings, up to this time the relationship has been one-sided, now the relationship is being reciprocated. (Peter Smith, Helen Cowie and Mark Blades, 2003) The maternal deprivation hypothesis by John Bowlby came about from a study he did with delinquent boys, the study showed that continued disruption of the attachment between child and primary caregiver resulted in the child struggling to develop relationships with others as well as having emotional and behavioural problems. Bowlby felt there was a critical period, if the child had not formed an attachment by the time they were 2, then attachment would not occur, causing the child to then develop issues later in life. Bowlby later amended this to 5 years. Michael Rutter developed Bowlbys theory further by suggesting that if a child does not develop an attachment at all this is privation, but if the child has formed a bond but this bond has been broken this is deprivation. Privation may occur because the child has had a lot of carers, Rutter felt that these children who are not distressed when separated will likely go on to be clingy, attention-seeking and as they get older the inability to stick to rules, form lasting relationships and in some cases anti-social behaviour and intellectual development. (McLeod, 2008) As a result of Bowlby and Rutters findings there has been changes in the care environment. Before children without parents would stay in orphanages or childrens institutions, now children go into foster care and be with one family as opposed to having many carers. Pre-schools now assign a key worker to help children integrate into school life this allows the child to form an attachment with them making the child feel more secure. Previously children staying in hospital would stay on their own now hospitals allow mothers/caregivers to remain with their children so the child is not left alone feeling scared and worried. Peer relationships are important to the social development of the child, it is through interacting with peers that children learn about their social world and how to interact within it. In the home the child will interact with their parents and siblings, Older siblings tend to have a lot of patience with their younger siblings and they act as their attachment figure in strange situations. Research does suggest however that the child will develop their social skills firstly through their parents, parents provide the playmates and watch the interactions ensuring behaviour is good, the parent will also play with the child themselves. Older siblings will be the ones that teach the child the rules of socialization. Babies from 2 months old are aware and look at one another, by 6 months they will smile and stare at others and by 1 year they will intentionally smile, frown and use other gestures to their play partner, they are aware of how the other behaves too and adjust their behaviour to respond to theirs. From 1 to 2 years the child will play alongside others, this is parallel play. Their interactions last longer and language will become a factor in play; as the child moves from 2 towards 3 they begin to understand rules of social exchange and can show empathy towards others. From 3 to 5 years the child

The Resort Town :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

The Resort Town When the eye has tired of the human scenery of the resort town, and the body is weary of the town's repetitive entertainments, the visitor may finally notice the fury of alien plants. The misting systems at every resort, designed for cooling rows of prostrate bodies, also provide the right conditions for equatorial jungles. The resort had made the most of this opportunity. I started to feel the more patient offerings of botanical companionship. To greet these plants, though, I needed to know their names. For that, I would need a nursery, and only one was close enough to walk to. From the front, it looked normal enough. I wandered in past the unattended outdoor register and into the usual towers of annual trays -- petunia, impatiens, salvia, and so on -- the same seventeen brief and predictable thrills that scream from annual-towers everywhere. Behind them, a small display of cactus, unlabeled but neat. Behind that, the beginnings of a jungle of larger containers. Along the side of the property, a large unkempt man drove in a golf cart with a tree in the seat beside him. The proprietor. At once, I saw some of the plants that I had come to identify. I looked for their labels. There were none. Glancing around, I realized that I hadn't seen a label anywhere. No prices. No identities. No instructions for planting and care. No customers either. I moved alone through a containerized wilderness, all sights obscured by overgrown but anonymous vines, trees, shrubs. Finally, there, a label! A low, greyish shrub cowered in a hexagonal pot whose nursery tag still clung to its side. Making my own path through the sea of containers, I bent down to read. "Strelitzia," it said. My mind flashed a picture of Strelitzia, the "bird of paradise," a soaring tropical plant with foot-long leaves and an audacious backward-leaning orange and blue flower that has always made me think of Marilyn Monroe reclining ever so slowly onto a great divan. Flashy and tender, Strelitzia was the perfect opposite of the tough and humble desert shrub that actually grew in this container. Well, I thought, at least they transplant things here. Perhaps one pot in a hundred bore any label at all, and each label was not just wrong but perfectly so. A screaming red honeysuckle vine was labeled Opuntia -- prickly pear, the familiar cactus that grows in rounded flat pads.

cinco de mayo :: essays research papers

Cinco de Mayo "After Mexico gained it's independence from Spain in 1821, it faced internal power struggles that left it in a volatile state of rebellion and instability for years." In 1846, the Mexican government, under the dictator Santa Anna, went to war with the United States. As an outcome of that war, Mexico lost a large amount of land--the land we now know as Texas. In 1854, Juan Alvarez and his troops led a successful revolt to drive Santa Anna out of power. One of Alvarez's strongest supporters was a man by the name of Benito Juarez, a Zapotec Indian leader. In 1855, Juarez became the minister of Justice under the new regime and issued two new controversial laws. One denied the right of the church and military courts to try civilian cases and the other made the sale and distribution of church lands legal. Many people disagreed with these laws and for three years a civil war raged between the two sides. In 1861 Juarez took control of the capital, Mexico City, and put his new Const itution into effect. Not only had Juarez's laws split the country, they had caused the civil war that left Juarez in debt to Spain, England, and France. The three countries were concerned about the debt, so they held a meeting in London, at which Spain and Britain decided to waive the debt in exchange for military control of the Custom House in Vera Cruz. France did not agree to these terms and invaded Mexico in 1861 in hopes of defeating the country and disposing of Juarez. The French troops--deemed among the best trained and equipped in the world--marched into the city of Puebla on May 5, 1862, expecting no resistance. The French army consisted of 6,000 men under the command of Marshal Lorencz. The French were met by an armed force of 2,000 peasants under the command of General Ignacio Zaragoza. The Mexican guerilla forces successfully defended their positions and attacked and drove back the French forces. Victory, however, was short lived. Within a year, France had successfully c onquered Puebla and the rest of Mexico, and went on ruling there until 1867 when Juarez was once again restored to power. He ruled the country until his death in 1872. Cinco de Mayo, therefore, does not celebrate Mexico's independence, rather it symbolizes "the right of the people to self determination and national sovereignty, and the ability of non-Europeans to defend those rights against modern military organizations.

Sigmund Freud, the Psychopathology of Everyday Life

SIGMUND FREUD: THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE MIEISHA MARSHALL DECEMBER 1, 2012 HISTORY AND SYSTEMS DR. WAYNE PONIWEZ UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS AT MONTICELLO SIGMUND FREUD: THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE Psychopathology of everyday life (1901) is one of the key studies of the outstanding Austrian scientist Sigmund Freud, who laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis, along with The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1910) and Ego and the Id (1923).This little book became one of the scientific classics of the 20th century and it is very important not only for psychopathology, but also for modern linguistics, semantics and philosophy. The most trivial slips of the tongue or pen, Freud believed, can reveal our secret ambitions, worries, and fantasies. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ranks among his most enjoyable works.Starting with the story of how he once forgot the name of an Italian painter-and how a young acquaintance mangled a quot ation from Virgil through fears that his girlfriend might be pregnant-it brings together a treasure trove of muddled memories, inadvertent actions, and verbal tangles. Amusing, moving, and deeply revealing of the repressed, hypocritical Viennese society of his day, Freud's dazzling interpretations provide the perfect introduction to psychoanalytic thinking in action.According to Freud, our daily lives teem with unwitting expressions of the wishes and ideas we try to keep hidden. These suppressed notions elude our conscious control and take the form of slips of the tongue, jokes, and seemingly accidental gestures. In this classic of psychology, Freud explores the phenomenon of parapraxis – slips of the tongue commonly known as Freudian slips, acts of forgetfulness, misinterpretations, and ‘accidents'.These simple and apparently trivial events, he explains, can possess deeper meanings with subconscious motivations – meanings that can be revealed by analysis and can ultimately offer a clearer perception of the self. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is the inventory of what goes on when nothing much is going on, or of what we do when we think we know what we are doing. I. Forgetting Proper Names Freud used his own self to do an observation on the inability to remembering proper names to psychological analysis.The basis of Freud’s argument is that in psychological terms this displacement is not merely arbitrary, but follows regular and predictable paths, in other words, Freud assume that the substitute name or names will relate to the name sought in a way that can be traced, and he hope that if he can succeed in proving this relationship he shall also cast some light on the process which makes us forget names (Freud, p 6).

Gender Schema Theory Essay

What is gender schema theory? Gender schema theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture. Gender-associated information is predominantly transmuted through society by way of schemata, or networks of information that allow for some information to be more easily assimilated than others. Bem argues that there are individual differences in the degree to which people hold these gender schemata. These differences are manifested via the degree to which individuals are sex-typed. It concerns the development of an internal schema, or mental framework, which organizes and directs the behavior of an individual as a male or female. For example, the gender schema of being female might include the proposition â€Å"I am a girl, so I play with dolls, not trucks.† As every person should know male and female children become â€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine†, and mainly at a very young age. By the time they are four years of age, for example, girls and boys are typically come to prefer activities defined by the culture as appropriate for their sex and also to prefer same-sex peers. The acquisition of sex-appropriate preferences, skills, personality attributes, behaviors, and self-concept is typically referred to within psychology as sex-typing. When children are younger, including me, parents tell the girls don’t play with cars, those are for boys. Girls play with dolls, and because you are a girl you must play with dolls, and vice versa for the males. The children gain and follow this information as they go on they are being punished or rewarded for their actions. For example, the girl will stop playing with the toy car, and won’t be yelled at by her parents for playing with a boy’s toy. As the years go by they believe all of this is true because people tell them it is and their culture also tells them this so they continue with this information.

Hamlet Literary Analysis Essay

Carl Jung is an expert in freudian theory but with a strong sense of the unconscious and its habit of revealing itself in symbolic form. His personality theory â€Å"The persona† is an archetype, or an organized principle based on things we see or do. Hamlet is an example of a person who is doing whatever it takes to accomplish what he thinks is right. Claudius gives a â€Å"false impression† that he uses to manipulate people’s opinions towards Hamlet. Through the physiological lens of Carl Jung, Hamlet comes off as insane trying to avenge his fathers death, while Claudius is the one trying to convince everyone he’s mad, to take his rightful place as king. Hamlet displays false impressions by pretending to be mad. He does this in order to get attention from his mother, who does not believe him when he tries to explain to her what the ghost told him about Claudius. Hamlet in despair thought that his plans were pointless and did not know what to do without the support he needed from his mother. This shows the ego nature of Hamlet. Hamlet is young and focuses a great deal on his ego and worries about the trivialities of the persona displaying his false impressions. Hamet only false impression. Hamlet was deceitful, he would create spectacles in which people would misinterpret his actions for someone who might be insane. â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† (III, i, 56) This is the question Hamlet is contemplating throughout the book, to live, or to die. He struggles with the thought of suicide many times as a result of no one believing him. Pretending to be mad is the only way he can come up with to try to avenge his fathers death. This quote emphasizes Hamlets inner struggle to cope with two opposing thoughts in his mind, preserving his moral integrity or avenging his father’s death. It’s hard to say if Hamlet is ever really insane in the play. He struggles with life changing decisions that can potentially change many lives, which would be good reasoning for causing madness. There are many points where you might believe Hamlet himself doesn’t even know the difference between who he is and who is is pretending to be. In order to keep his crown on the throne of Denmark, Claudius manipulates events, people’s lives and relationships. He makes use of his power along with other’s loyalty and trust. We know Hamlets hatred towards Claudius, for marrying his mother and trying to steal his place as king. But Hamlet is the only one who believes this, everyone else isn’t aware of his intentions. It is clear that we are intended to see Claudius not as a murderous villain, but a multi-faceted villain: someone who cannot refrain from doing what he feels is right. He is morally weak, and content to trade his humanity for very little. Claudius shows a strong false impression, proved by Carl Jung’s theory to be a â€Å"mask† used to present himself to the world. He’s trying to replace the King by taking everything that was his. â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe,Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature That we with wisest sorrow think on him,Together with remembrance of ourselves†(1.2. 1) Here Claudius is talking to his people about how they should be mourning Old King Hamlet’s death, but it would be wise for the whole kingdom to move on quickly. This is part of the â€Å"mask† he is wearing for the people, considering hes the one who killed the King in the first place. Carl Jung’s theory proves itself to be true for both Hamlet and Claudius in the Play. His theory on the persona representing your public image is different, but apparent for both of them. For Hamlet, a false impression is apparent but for his gain only, He is pretending to be insane towards his mother because that the only way he feels he can get her attention. Claudius portrays a false impression towards all the people, because he is the only one that truly knows Hamlet is sane. His â€Å"mask† is to cover himself up for the Kings Murder. The truth comes out when its apparent He wants Hamlet killed. Jung states that at its worst, false impressions, can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our true nature. This happens to Hamlet as he mistakes himself for many things he is not. â€Å"If one does not understand a person, one tends to regard him as a fool. † (Mysterium Coniunctionis). This relates to how everyone believes Hamlet is mad because they don’t understand what he saw and heard from his fathers ghost. Through the physiological lens of Carl Jung, Hamlet comes off as insane trying to avenge his fathers death and prove to his mother all he knows, while Claudius is the one trying to convince everyone he’s mad, to take his rightful place as king.

Unit 18 Advertising and Promotions - Level 4 Advertising and Assignment

Unit 18 Advertising and Promotions - Level 4 Advertising and Promotions - Nandos Loyalty Card HND Business - Assignment Example One of the firms that have undertaken extensive communication strategies to attract more customers is Nando’s. The section below discusses the communication process and how the communication process relates to the Nando’s advertisement process. As indicated by transmission model that was developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949), communication process consists of six major steps. The first one is the formulation of the idea in the mind of the sender. During this stage, an individual who want to send the message, comes up with something that he or she want to relate to another person. The second step is encoding the message. This implies that putting the information in a language that suits the recipient. For example, the sender who wishes to send a message to a child must encode it differently from that of professional colleague. The third step is transmitting the message. This involves using various avenues such as speaking, writing or using emails among others. The fourth step is receiving the message that has been sent by the sender. As a receiver, one should read or listen to the message. The fifth stage is decoding the message. This entails processing the message in such a way that it makes sense to the receiver. The six th stage according to the transmission model is understanding the message (Barnlund, 2008). It is worth to note that a message may be sent, read or listened to but understanding the message is the most paramount thing. In the Nando’s advertising process, communication process has been effectively utilised. For example, before the launching of Nando’s Loyalty Card, the firm came up with the communication idea that depicted the use of a card that cannot be used in libraries, night clubs or coffee shops but only in Nando’s. Similarly, the business has used various channels of communicating with

Roe vs Wade Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roe vs Wade Case - Assignment Example The article will provide adequate information on the historical background of abortion over time. Furthermore, it will give the accounts of the events as they occurred leading to the 1973 famous Roe Versus Wade rulings that led to the legalization of abortion during different stages of pregnancy. The article seeks to establish the rates of unintended pregnancies among Americans and the related outcome. From the study, it was established that about fifty percent of the births in united states were unintended. The article found out that there are a number of factors affecting different level fo unintended pregnancies and rates of abortion in the U.S. For instance, the rates were low among educated women, the rich women and young women who were between 18-24 years of the reproductive age. This source will be of the essence as it will provide information n the statistics on abortion in the united states. Ruth explains the sparked controversy from the rulings made on this day. She explains how the ruling has affected reproduction in the united states. It gives into account the details of the ruling and the laws that it relied on to conclude the way it did. Therefore, the source will provide information that will be used to detect the Roe v. Wade trial. The article, analyses the public opinion on the sensational ruling on abortion in the years 1973 among the public. At the same time, the author studies the rulings that followed the ruling in 1973. The article Analyses the effect of the Roe V. Wade on the latter rulings in the U.S. Therefore, this source will be useful in determining the public opinion on the ruling and the rulings made later emphasizing the effect of Roe v. Wade. The study points out the incidence of abortion in the united states.

The response of Daughter from Danang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The response of Daughter from Danang - Essay Example Family reunion which we observe impresses by spontaneity and immediacy. ‘The actors’ are so much involved in the process that they create excitement which can be rarely produced by professional actors. It’s no wonder that the film won the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. The story of Heidi impresses with the pain and despair of the children torn between two cultures. Heidi feels herself miserable as he tries to find love and understanding among her birth family but what she finds is disillusionment. This disillusionment comes from the lack of understanding people who grew up in entirely different world with its own customs and visions. When Heidi’s dream to meet her family comes true, she is embarrassed and is not sure what to do. After the family reunion Heidi is greatly disappointed. We come to realize the existence of the gap which now separates Heidi and her family - the cultural gap. We see from the first scenes of meeting the emotional burden which Heidi comes to experience. While her mother is on the emotional high, Heidi is more bewildered, embarrassed and uncertain. She feels startled and tense. She sees the life with her family in another light, different from that before the reunion. Life of poverty and misery, hard toil of her mother to support other children – that’s what she sees in the real life of her family. The cultural gap which separates Americanized Heidi and her family is evident in many life situation. The tension from cultural shock comes to a climax and Heidi feels that she wants to go home as soon as possible. At the farewell party when Heidi’s brother comes to talk about financial issues directly, she feels completely disconnected from the Vietnamese family. She perceives money issue in the American way – it’s not better talked about. What Heidi expected is unconditioned love and care. Heidi is not aware of the family relations and

Covering the full semester of learning Critical Thinking Term Paper

Covering the full semester of learning Critical Thinking - Term Paper Example Life is understood through the perceptions people hold about how events take place, why they take place, and how much control they had over how they came to pass. Covey (2004) describes an event called a paradigm shift, which means that the way in which life is perceived shifts towards a new idea of how life can work. A paradigm shift happens when the way in which life is perceived is shifted to a new understanding. This initial concept created its own paradigm shift for me as I began to see how life could be approached in different ways from which I had originally believed. Through learning more about what Covey (2004) presented, I began to think that possibilities were broader and more available than what I originally perceived as my own limitations. Knowledge creates new ideas and transforms the way in which something is put into context with beliefs about the world. Learning, then, is the conduit through which knowledge can create meaningful change. One can say that multiple inte lligences define how that learning is achieved and perceived. The understanding that intelligence comes in many forms supports the many levels of perception that exist (Gardner, 1983). Change comes then from how personal intelligences perceive and receive knowledge and utilizes it towards meaningful change. The way in which the individual approaches life can be seen through the centers on which they focus their lives. Covey (2004) describes the center by first stating that it is not necessarily an easy place to identify. The center of one’s life is defined by what is important, which is usually what provides security and guidance. Wisdom and power are not always derived from that center, but should be sought as a part of how one centers their life in order to elevate the nature of how life is lived. The center of one’s life can be a bad place too, which shadows every move they make and keeps them bound by rules they have defined, but may not be from a place of truth. E piphanies and centers can come simultaneously at times. In reading the book Left to tell: Discovering God amidst the Rwandan holocaust, Immaculee Llibagiza (2008) I discovered that Immaculee found faith in the midst of a threat against her life. Her shift occurs as she takes her life from a place of fear to that of a place of faith in which she believed that God would keep her from harm. Her fears were so strong that they had been the center of her life, but in finding that she believed that God would hold her from harm, she shifted the center of her thoughts from fear to faith. How we see the center of our life and how our habits support that center creates effectiveness or ineffectiveness in achieving goals and outcomes. Habits, Covey (2004) writes, are â€Å"the intersection of knowledge, skill, and desire†, which in the case of Llibagiza (2008) were no longer relevant to war time existence. Her daily habits and the knowledge and skill with which she existed were not a par t of the new existence of living in daily fear and hiding. She had to shed all of her old habits and form new ones that matched her environment. Between the concepts of habit that Covey (2004) explains and the disruption that Llibagiza (2008), it is clear that habits often must be changed to promote survival, but

Initial Public Offering of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Assignment - 2

Initial Public Offering of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the business of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals is the development, production and the marketing of both generic and proprietary inhalable and injectable chemicals in the USA. Currently, the company is selling fifteen products, while at the same time in the process of developing thirteen more proprietaries as well as seven generic product portfolios, which will feature in the market in the near future. Â  The company prides more in its high technical and technological capability that is the main business strength that enables the company overcome competition in its field, through the introduction of innovative technologies such as the production of a variety of pre-filled syringes, and metered-dose inhalation technology. The terms of the Initial Public Offering of the Amphastar Pharmaceuticals shares is through the use of prospectus, which acts as the registration statement for the shares, and the copies of the prospectus were being offered by the underwriters of the company shares, Jefferies LLC, from their offices. Thus, the press statements and advertisements of the IPO did not constitute an offer for sale, until the prospective buyer of the shares had obtained the copy of the prospectus and filled it. Therefore, the shares had been divided into various categories, comprising of 4,640,000 common stock shares that were directly offered by Amphastar Pharmaceuticals and common stock 3,360,000 shares that were being offered by the company’s stockholders. Additionally, the underwriters of the company, Jefferies LLC, are reserved 1,200,000 additional shares which were available for over-allotment, offered as an option for the prospective buyers to buy more shares. The company is offered 5,800,000 shares at an initial price of $7 per share, which constituted $40,900,000, but the Pharmaceutical Company paid a total of $6,200,000 in brokerage commissions and underwriting discounts, thus remaining with a total of $34, 700,000. The percentage of the commission to the broker-dealers, as well as the underwriter's discounts and other IPO issuing expenses, amounted to $6,200,000 of the total 40,900,000, which is approximately 15.2%.

Cross-cultural Training for Expatriate Managers Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural Training for Expatriate Managers Essay The emergence theories of charismatic and transformational leadership have formed our understanding of these topics in the past decade. While the terms charisma and transformational leadership have often been interchanged, Bass (1990) clarifies that charisma forms a part of transformational leadership. Within Bass’s approach, transformational leadership includes charisma (providing a vision and a sense of mission and raising follower’s self-expectations), intellectual stimulations (assisting employees emphasize rational solutions and challenge old assumptions), and individualized consideration (developing employees and coaching). Furthermore, Bass (1990) emphasized that transformational leadership also goes beyond transactional leadership (or contingent reward such as the exchange of rewards for efforts) in elevating leaders and helping followers achieve higher levels of organizational functioning. Hence with an increased level of interest in conceptual framework of transformational leadership, several studies have documented the benefits and importance of changing leadership styles. Koh et al. (1995) study show that there is a significant correlation between transformational leadership facets and organizational functioning. In fact, the study shows that subordinates’ satisfaction with their supervisors is associated with the extent which supervisors manifest transformational leadership. In addition, several researches suggest the importance of transformational leadership as a precursor to some aspects of financial performance (Howell and Frost 1989, Howell and Avolio 1993). Ultimately, the significance of transformational leadership in an organization cannot be adequately understood without comprehending how changing leadership styles is both possible and likely to result in changes in subordinates’ perceptions, attitudes, or performance. Barling et al.’s (1996) research suggests that an effective training program on developing transformational leadership at different organizational levels can increase an employee’s morale, commitment, and overall performance. Barling et al.’s (1996) study also extends prior researches (Kirkpatrick and Locke 1996, Howell and Frost 1989) suggesting that there is strong positive correlation between transformational leadership, commitment, and financial performance. In line with this, the case of United Motors Company (UMC) suggests developing the company culture to better respond to the market needs. As such, one of the goals of H. Arthur Grommet was to develop and to hone leadership skills at different managerial levels. Because Mr. Grommet had inherited the most conservative and bureaucratic management in the industry, he organized a management traineeship program wherein management trainees were recruited from top business schools in the US, and selection from internal management to participate in the training program was also done. The program, â€Å"LeaderMex† was then developed with the mission to identify, train, and monitor UMC’s managers who have strong performance records and the desire to work for their new subsidiary in Mexico. The high-profile program indicates that participants will assume positions with high responsibility and is a â€Å"fast-track† program in identifying potential leaders within the company. Individuals who qualify for the program are expatriated to Mexico and undergo rotations within at least two corporate divisions from three to five years. After which, the employees are promoted to higher positions after two years upon return to the US. While the LeaderMex program is aimed at identifying internal leaders within the company, Human Resources has noted numerous problems that have faced by expatriate managers. At the start, there was no human relations program in place. Managers undergo a three day seminar on labor law and complete a language course before going to Mexico. However, as human relations realize that language alone is not a barrier, the organization recognized the need for a specific training on cultural awareness and the effect of cultural differences on employee attitudes and performance. In response to the problems, a â€Å"cultural awareness† training program has been developed for managers prior to their relocation and assignment to Mexico. A series of trainings were developed for managers to understand how to work in different cultural environment and in how to handle human relations problems that may arise in the course of operations in Mexico. Top management has recommended the following goals for the training program design: (1) introducing managers to the cultural differences between the United States and Mexico, (2) presenting some typical problems American managers face in that company as well as solutions to the problems, and (3) reducing the amount of time needed to adapt to managing in Mexico. Top management has assigned the Human Resources staff members, and possibly using the services of external consultant, in conducting the training program. The value of the â€Å"cultural awareness† program in this case cannot be overemphasized. UMC’s move to set-up a subsidiary in Mexico only presents the increased internationalization and interpersonal cross-cultural contact within the company. In an effort to regain competitiveness in the global automotive industry, the need for UMC to develop the requisite skills in its employees to work within diverse cultures has become an important component in its strategy. Moreover, as UMC has created the LeaderMex program to expatriate leaders in order to build and integrate the technology and culture of the new subsidiary, UMC must provide support functions for expatriate leaders in the new subsidiary. As such, a number of studies advocate cross-cultural training as a means of facilitating the expatriate’s ability to adjust to the new environment (Brislin 1981; Landis and Brislin 1983; Mendenhall and Oddou 1986; Tung, 1987). The need for the support structures in training for the expatriate program can be seen in the cost of an expatriate assignment. According to the National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) survey in 2002, a three year expatriate assignment for an employee with a $75,000 to $100,000 base salary costs an employer $1 million total. Moreover, the cost of a poor staffing decision could range from $200,000 to $1.2 million (the figure only includes identifiable costs associated with compensation, training, development, etc.), and the rate of expatriate failures[1] ranges from 10% to 45%. The cost of an expatriate assignment, therefore, demonstrates how measurement and evaluation of the assignments are crucial for companies. Ultimately, the lack of necessary preparation, HR assistance and appropriate support for repatriation is the culprit for expatriates’ failure. In fact, the lack of understanding on the different dimensions of national culture in Mexico can lead to expatriates failures. Hostede (1993) identified the five dimensions of national culture as follows: (1) individualism-collectivism[2], (2) uncertainty avoidance[3], (3) masculinity-feminity[4], (4) power distance[5], and (5) time orientation[6]. Awareness of these dimensions will help develop cross-cultural preparation programs that include meaningful information regarding the culture the expatriates will find themselves working in. In addition, Minehan (2004) suggests that US expatriates in Mexico should understand cultural dimensions in four aspects. First, American assignees need a real understanding of the relationship between the two nations, Mexico and the U.S. In most cases Mexican colleagues will have a lot more knowledge of the U.S. than vice versa. Second, Americans are perceived to be arrogant and inflexible. For Mexicans, relationships are paramount. People in Mexico obey people, not rules. In the US, people obey rules, not people. Third, language proficiency may not necessarily be a requirement in conducting business; nevertheless, proficiency in Spanish can help assignees forge and develop interpersonal relationships. Speaking the language goes a long way in helping the expatriate gain respect among colleagues. Fourth, crime rates is a serious issue in Mexico, and expatriates must be willing to adapt to whatever security measures are required to keep them safe. Understanding these key aspects of Mexico’s culture and history can go a long way in establishing good working relationships in the new environment. While the content of the training program should highlight and assess the US expatriates understanding of Mexican culture and history, the training program should undergo different phases in the process. Noe (2002) suggest that the training program should have three phases: Phase 1 involves the pre-departure training, Phase 2 involves the on-site training, and Phase 3 is on the repatriation training. The pre-departure training should involve employees learning the language and an orientation in the new country’s culture and customs. Noe (2002) suggest that the type of training most suitable would be language training, cultural awareness and sensitivity training, and daily living training. Language training can be conducted in a classroom type setting, videos, or an interactive learning through conversations. Cultural awareness and sensitivity training aims to familiarize expatriates with cultural attitudes, communication styles, and cultural assumptions of the community. It also introduces the expatriates on the core cultural values, bias, and stereotypes that visitors need to be aware of. Daily living training includes providing expatriates with information about schools, housing, recreation and sports, shopping, transportation, utilities, banking, and health care facilities in the country. The on-site training involves continued orientation to the host country and its customs and cultures through formal programs or through a mentoring relationship. The type of training suggested by the Bureau of National Affairs’ Human Resources Library includes continued language training, orientation, and mentoring. It is advisable that every employee sent overseas for training has a person who is responsible for well-being and is two levels above them in the corporation. That person is tasked with ensuring that the offshore employee is kept in the loop and comes home periodically for meetings or just to hang out. In addition, the continued orientation to the host country through a mentor both for the expatriate and his/her family is a must during the adjustment process. It is important to maintain an active communication and provide company newsletters to expatriates as well. The repatriation prepares employees for return to the home country. It aims to reduce stress level and anxiety when they return. It is important to continue mentoring in the process and to organize career planning discussions with the expatriate. Repatriation phase is important and valuable to the company as expatriates have been equip with a good understanding of the global marketplace having been immersed in the different market. Expatriates also bring a global vision to day-to-day company practices. More importantly, they can be crucial members of international task forces and if left â€Å"un-valued†, they can become significant assets to competitors. The three phases are important in the overall training-program design and maximizing the return on investment of training-program. Nonetheless, it is important to note that while the LeaderMex program goal is to improve its market position by integrating the new subsidiary to UMC’s, the key of ensuring a sound global business is building a solid infrastructure with local talent. In the end, outstanding global organizations will hire the outstanding local people in every business around the world. LeaderMex will ultimately play an important role in the initial stages of building a company in a foreign location, but in the long run, a qualified, well-trained group of local managers will be the key factor to success. And, the reason for the development local managers can be because of the high costs associated with sending parent country nationals to foreign country with a high failure rate. Other benefits of developing local talents include local manager’s knowledge of the local market and business practices, cultural preferences, and local connections (Hsieh and Lavoie 1999). References Barling, J, Weber, T, and Kelloway K. (1996). Effects of Transformational Leadership Training on Attitudinal and Financial Outcomes: a Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (6): 827-832. Bass, BM (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3): 19-36. Bass, BM and Avolio, BJ (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. The Bureau of National Affairs’Human Resources Library. (2000). Preparing Expatriates for Global Assignments. Corporate Leadership Council (1999). Effective Repatriation Strategies. Corporate Leadership Council (2001). Cultural Training for Expatriates. Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7, 81-94. Howell, JM and Frost PJ (1989). A laboratory study or charismatic leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 43: 243-269. Hsieh, T. and Lavoie, J. (1999). Think global, hire local. McKinsey Quarterly. Joinson, C. (2002). Save thousands for expatriate. 47, 7. Kirkpatrick, SA, and Locke EA (1996). Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology 81:36-51. Koh, WL, Steers, RM, and Terborg JR (1995). The effects of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior 16: 319-333. Mercer, W.M. (2000). Expatriates Risk Management Survey. Minehan, M. (2004). Prepping U.S. Employees for Mexican Success. SHRM Global Forum. Noe, R.A. (2002). Employee Training and Development. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. SwaakR.A. Expatriate Failures. Executive Placement International Human Resources. Tarelli, E. (2003). How to Transfer Responsibilities to Local Nationals. SHRM Global Forum. [1] Expatriate failure is defined as â€Å"employees who return home before completing their assignments† [2] Individualism-collectivism describes the degree to which people act as individuals rather than as members of a group. [3] Uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people prefer structure rather than unstructured situations [4] Masculinity-feminity refers to the extent to which the culture values behavior considered traditionally masculine (competitiveness) or feminine (helpfulness) [5] Power distance refers to expectations for unequal distribution of power in a hierarchy [6] Time orientation refers to the degree to which a culture focuses on the future rather than the past and present.